History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989 - History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989 History of the United States National Security Council Reagan Administration, 1981-1989 The Reagan administration, like its predecessors, faced the recurring dilemma of determining which official or agency would have primary responsibility for the direction, control, and supervision of U.S. foreign policy. During the 1980 campaign, Ronald Reagan pledged to downgrade the post of National Security Adviser in order to end the rivalry between the NSC and the Department of State that had plagued previous administrations. On inauguration day, Secretary of State-designate Alexander Haig presented a draft National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) on the organization of U.S. foreign policy to Presidential Counselor Edwin Meese III. The intent of Haig's draft was to place overall responsibility for the direction.
History of the United States National Security Council - History of the United States National Security Council Since the end of World War II, each administration has sought to develop and perfect a reliable set of executive institutions to manage national security policy. Each President has tried to avoid the problems and deficiencies of his predecessors' efforts and install a policy-making and coordination system that reflected his personal management style. The National Security Council (NSC) has been at the center of this foreign policy coordination system, but it has changed many times to conform with the needs and inclinations of each succeeding chief executive. The National Security Act of July 26, 1947, created the National Security Council under the chairmanship of the President, with the Secretaries of State and Defense as its key members, to.
United States National Security Council - United States National Security Council The National Security Council is the principal forum used by the President of the United States, for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Harry Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Membership 2 Authority 3 Reference Membership The National Security Council is chaired by the President. Its regular attendees (both statutory and non-statutory) are the Vice President of the United States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the.
History of Chad - History of Chad This page discusses the history of Chad, Africa. A humanoid skull found in Borkou is more than 3 million years old. Because in ancient times the Saharan area was not totally arid, Chad's population was more evenly distributed than it is today. For example, 7,000 years ago, the north central basin, now in the Sahara, was still filled with water, and people lived and farmed around its shores. The cliff paintings in Borkou and Ennedi depict elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, cattle, and camels; only camels survive there today. The region was known to traders and geographers from the late Middle Ages. Since then, Chad has served as a crossroads for the Muslim peoples of the desert and savanna regions, and the animist Bantu tribes.
History of Chile - History of Chile Bernardo O'Higgins Early history Chilean territory was one of last to be populated in the Americas. In prehispanic Chile lived over a dozen different peoples. Despite such diversity, it is possible to classify them into three major cultural groups: The northern peoples, who developed rich handicrafts and were influenced by preincan cultures; the Mapuche culture, that inhabited between the river Choapa and the island of Chiloé, and lived primarily of agriculture and recolection; and the Patagonian culture, composed by nomad populations, who supported themselves through fishing and hunting. As the Incan Empire expanded, it only could integrate the northern Chile. As incans arrived to Central Chile, they established some colonies, but they were succesfully stopped by Mapuche warriors at Lircay river. The first.
History of Israel - History of Israel The neutrality of this article is disputed. This article discusses the history of the State of Israel, from 1948 A.D. to the present. See also History of Palestine for history of the region from approximately 600 B.C to 1948 A.D., and History of ancient Israel and Judah for history prior to approximately 600 B.C. This article concerns controversial issues. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Zionism and Israel 2 Early History of Modern Israel 2.1 References 3 The Lavon Affair 4 1956 Suez War 5 Six-Day War 6 The Yom Kippur War 7 "Zionism is Racism" Resolution 8 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Process 9 Lebanon 10 First Intifada 11 Gulf War 12 Immigration from the former Soviet Union 13 Middle East Peace Process 14 Assassination of.
History of Lebanon - History of Lebanon Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, Semitic traders whose maritime culture flourished there for more than 2,000 years (c.2700-450 B.C.). In later centuries, Lebanon's mountains were a refuge for Christians, and Crusaders established several strongholds there, notably the County of Tripoli. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the League of Nations mandated the five provinces that had comprised present-day Lebanon to France. Modern Lebanon's constitution, drawn up in 1926, specified a balance of political power between the various religious groups. The country gained independence in 1943, and French troops withdrew in 1946. Lebanon's history from independence has been marked by periods of political turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional center for.
History of Yemen - History of Yemen Ancient history In ancient times, Yemen was comprized of a number of kingdoms including Saba (referenced as Sheba in the Bible), Qataban, and Hadhramaut. In the 5th century, the kingdom of Himyar grew as a powerful nation with boundaries similar to that of modern-day Yemen and extended its influence into the Hejaz. Dhu Nuwas, a Himyarite king, changed the state religion to Judaism in the beginning of the 6th century and began to massacre the Christians. Outraged, the Christian King of Axum with the encouragement of the Byzantine Emperor Justin I invaded and annexed Yemen. About forty years later, Yemen fell to Persia, and then almost immediately after that, to the Muslim jihad. Yemen was one of the oldest centers of civilization in.
History of East Germany - History of East Germany East Germany or officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR) existed from 1949 to 1990 in Germany. See also: History of Germany Postwar Government At the Yalta Conference, held in February 1945 before the capitulation of the Third Reich, the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union agreed on the division of Germany into occupation zones. Estimating the territory that the converging armies of the western Allies and the Soviet Union would overrun, the Yalta Conference determined the demarcation line for the respective areas of occupation. Following Germany's surrender, the Allied Control Council, representing the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, assumed governmental authority in postwar Germany. The Potsdam Conference of July/August 1945 officially recognized the zones and confirmed jurisdiction.
History of the PRC (1976-present) - History of the PRC (1976-present) This article is part of the History of China series. Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty Three Kingdoms Jin Dynasty Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty History of the Republic of China History of the PRC (1949-1976) History of the PRC (1976-present) Timeline of Chinese History Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 China after Mao 1.1 Deng Xiaoping consolidates power 1.2 "Reform and Opening-up" 1.3 "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" 1.4 1989 Student Movement and Tiananmen Square 1.5 Political aftermath 1.6 Deng's Legacy 1.7 Third Generation of Leaders 1.7.1 Economic developments 1.8 The Fourth Generation of Leaders and the 16th Party Congress 1.8.2 SARS 1.8.3.
History of Cambodia (1979-present) - History of Cambodia (1979-present) This article is the part of the History of Cambodia series. Early history of Cambodia Dark ages of Cambodia Colonial Cambodia Cambodia under Sihanouk (1954-1970) Cambodian Civil War Democratic Kampuchea History of Cambodia (1979-present) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Vietnamese Occupation 2 Peace Efforts 3 Recent developments 4 Reference The Vietnamese Occupation On January 10, 1979, the Vietnamese installed Heng Samrin as head of state in the new People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). The Vietnamese army continued its pursuit of Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge forces. At least 600,000 Cambodians displaced during the Pol Pot era and the Vietnamese invasion began streaming to the Thai border in search of refuge. The international community responded with a massive relief effort coordinated by the.
Background history of the September 11, 2001 attacks - Background history of the September 11, 2001 attacks This article is part of the September 11 series. Background history Planning and execution September 11 Rest of September October Aftermath United States' strongest allies in west Asia are Turkey (a member of NATO), Israel and Egypt. All of these nations receive financial aid from the U.S. The U.S. also has military bases in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman. 1954-1979: United States backs the Iranian monarchy led by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran. This rule gradually loses the population's favor, as in addition to its ruthless and dictatorial nature (including a brutal secret police), they see it as alien and secular, and gradually fundamental Shi'ite Islam strengthens. 1967: United States holds that Israel should withdraw from.
John Poindexter - John Poindexter John M. Poindexter was an Admiral in the United States Navy and the National Security Advisor during the Ronald Reagan presidency. Oliver North worked closely with him as an aide, and Poindexter is regarded as the chief architect of the Iran-Contra Affair. Poindexter was convicted on multiple felony counts on April 7, 1990 for conspiracy, obstruction of justice, lying to Congress, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence pertaining to the Iran-Contra Affair. The conviction was overturned in 1991 on the grounds that he had been granted immunity from prosecution as a result of his testimony before Congress. On February 13, 2002, the media learned that Poindexter had become the Director of The Pentagon's Information Awareness Office, a secretive intelligence bureau whose mission is to gather.
June 2003 - at the age of 78. June 28, 2003 The FBI finishes its investigation of a pond in Frederick, Maryland for clues in the 2001 anthrax attacks. Items found in the pond include a bicycle, some logss, a street sign, coins, fishing lures, and a handgun. The FBI took soil samples from the bottom of the pond for testing. June 27, 2003 The Federal Trade Commission opens the National Do Not Call Registry. This registry gives consumers an opportunity to limit the telemarketing calls they receive. On October 1, 2003, when the National Do Not Call Registry will be enforced, most telemarketers will be required to remove the numbers on the registry from their call lists. See http://donotcall.gov/ or call 1-888 382-1222 for registration. [1], [1] The Boston Red Sox establish a.
Foreign relations of Syria - Foreign relations of Syria Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbors, and achieving a comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace settlement, which includes the return of the Golan Heights, are the primary goals of President Asad's foreign policy. Relations With Other Arab Countries Syria's relations with the Arab world were strained by its support for Iran during the Iran-Iraq War, which began in 1980. With the end of the war in August 1988, Syria began a slow process of reintegration with the other Arab states. In 1989, it joined with the rest of the Arab world in readmitting Egypt to the 19th Arab League Summit at Casablanca. This decision, prompted in part by Syria's need for Arab League support of its own position in Lebanon, marked the end of the Syrian-led.
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan - Democratic Republic of Afghanistan This article is part of the History of Afghanistan series. Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan Islamic conquest of Afghanistan Durrani Empire European influence in Afghanistan Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan History of Afghanistan since 1992 This article is about Communist rule in Afghanistan (1978-1992). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Communists take power, 1978 2 Opposition forces 3 The Soviet invasion, December 1979 4 The search for popular support 5 Internal refugees: flight to the cities 6 Factionalism 7 Mohammad Najibullah, 1986-1992 8 The Soviet decision to withdraw, 1986-1988 9 The Geneva accords, 1987-1989 10 The failure to bring peace 11 Pakistan's attempt at a political solution, 1987-1988 12 Stalemate: The.
Czechoslovakia: 1969 - 1987 - close to 1.7 million in January 1968, was reduced by about 500,000. Top levels of government and the leadership of social organizations were purged. Publishing houses and film studios were placed under new direction. Censorship was strictly imposed, and a campaign of militant atheism was organized. In May 1970, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance, which incorporated the principle of limited sovereignty. Soviet troops remained stationed in Czechoslovakia, and the Czechoslovak armed forces worked in close cooperation with the Warsaw Pact command. Soviet advisers supervised the functioning of the Ministry of Interior and the security apparatus. Czechoslovak leaders and propagandists, led by Bilak, became the most ardent advocates of proletarian internationalism. The purges of the first half of 1970 eliminated the reformists within.
Politics of the Netherlands - premier) is the head of the cabinet, and as such, coordinates the policy of the government. Although formally no special powers are assigned, the prime minister functions as the "face" of the government to the public. Usually, the prime minister is also minister of General Affairs (Minister van Algemene Zaken). Until 1945, the position of head of the council of ministers officially switched between the ministers, although practices differed throughout history. In 1945, the position was formally instituted. In practice the cabinet requires the support of the lower house, otherwise it would not have any influence over legislation, so the Monarch will ask the representatives to form a coalition which will select a cabinet. The Constitution of the Netherlands does not permit somebody to be a member of both cabinet and.
Provisional Irish Republican Army - Provisional IRA, the Provos and the Irish Republican Army, is most commonly referred to simply as the IRA, although several groups claim that title. For a history of these groups see the Irish Republican Army entry. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Formation of the Provisional IRA 2 Split from the 'Officials' 3 The peace process 4 Activities 5 Infiltration 6 See Also 7 Footnotes Formation of the Provisional IRA The PIRA was formed in 1969, with the stated aim of removing the British from Northern Ireland, and to the unification of Ireland by force. It is organized into small, tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council. Due to its frequent use of bombings, its assassination of politicians and diplomats, its murder of hundreds of policemen and soldiers predominantly.
November 28 - to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning}" (later known as the Royal Society). 1582 - In Stratford-upon-Avon, 18 year-old William Shakespeare and 26 year-old Anne Hathaway pay a 40-pound bond for their marriage license (Shakespeare would later become one of the greatest playwrights in history). 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Cane Hill - Union troops led by General John Blunt push back Confederate forces commanded by General John Marmaduke into northwestern Arkansas' Boston Mountains. 1905 - Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin in Dublin as a political party whose goal is the independence for all of Ireland. 1907 - In Haverville, Massachusetts, scrap-metal dealer Louis B. Mayer opens his first movie theater (in a few years he had the largest theater chain in New.
