History of zoology, post-Darwin - History of zoology, post-Darwin This article is part of the Zoology series. History of zoology (before Darwin) History of zoology (since Darwin) Darwin gave new stimulus and new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them as part of a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution but a part of the wider doctrine of universal evolution based on the laws of physics and chemistry. The immediate result was, a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a genealogical basis, and an investigation of the individual development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early 20th century work 2 Mendel and zoology 2.1 Congenital variation 2.2 Educability 2.3 Transmission 2.4 Record of the Past Early 20th century.
History of zoology (before Darwin) - History of zoology (before Darwin) This article is part of the Zoology series. History of zoology (before Darwin) History of zoology (since Darwin) This article considers the history of zoology before the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pre-scientific zoology 2 The rise of the naturalist 3 16th century developments 4 17th century developments 5 19th century developments 5.1 Development of the microscope 5.2 Developments in other sciences impacting zoology 6 Zoology since 1859: Darwin and theory of evolution Pre-scientific zoology Humans have been fascinated by the other members of the animal kingdom throughout history. In early Europe, they gathered up and treasured stories of strange animals from distant lands or deep seas, such as are recorded in.
Zoology - Zoology This article is the top of the Zoology series. History of zoology (before Darwin) History of zoology (since Darwin) Zoology is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History of zoology 2 Branches of biology relevant to zoology 3 Systems of classification 4 Notable zoologists 5 See also 6 Sources History of zoology Main articles: History of zoology (before Darwin), History of zoology (since Darwin) Branches of biology relevant to zoology The original branches of zoology established in the late 19th century such as zoo-physics, bionomics and morphography, have largely been subsumed into more broad areas of biology which include studies of mechanisms common to both plants and animals. The biology of animals is covered in several broad.
Karl Pearson - at University College School, after which he went to King's College, Cambridge to study mathematics. He then spent part of 1879 and 1880 studying medieval and 16th-century German literature at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg - in fact, he became sufficiently knowledgeable in this field that he was offered a post in the German department at Cambridge University. His next career move was to Lincoln's Inn, where he read law until 1881 (although he never practised). After this, he returned to mathematics, deputising for the mathematics professor at King's College London in 1881 and for the professor at University College London in 1883. In 1884, he was appointed to the Goldshmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London. 1891 saw him also appointed to the professorship of.
Jean Pierre Flourens - Recherches experimentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dons les animaux vertébrés, in which he, from experimental evidence, sought to assign their special functions to the cerebrum, corpora quadrigemina and cerebellum, was the subject of a highly commendatory report by Cuvier, adopted by the French Academy of Sciences in 1822. Flourens was chosen by Cuvier in 1828 to deliver a course of lectures on natural history at the College de France, and in the same year became, in succession to LAG Bosc, a member of the Institute, in the division "Economic rurale.” In 1830 he became Cuvier's substitute as lecturer on human anatomy at the Jardin du Roi, and in 1832 was elected to the post of titular professor, which he vacated for the professorship of comparative anatomy.
John Tyndall - in Co. Carlow, Ireland, his father being the son of a small landowner in poor circumstances, but a man of more than ordinary ability. With Darwin and Huxley his name is inseparably connected with the battle which began in the middle of the 19th century for making the new standpoint of modem science part of the accepted philosophy in general life. For many years, indeed, he came to represent to ordinary Englishmen the typical or ideal professor of physics. His strong, picturesque mode of seizing and expressing things gave him an immense living influence both in speech and writing, and disseminated a popular knowledge of physical science such as had not previously existed. But besides being a true educator, and perhaps the greatest popular teacher of natural philosophy in his generation,.
Ethology - the scientific study of animal behaviour, construed as a branch of zoology. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins of the name 2 Differences and similarities with comparative psychology 3 Darwinism and the beginnings of ethology 4 The Fixed Action Pattern and animal communication 5 Imprinting 6 Tinbergen's four questions for ethologists 7 The flowering of ethology 8 Social ethology and recent developments 9 List of ethologists Origins of the name The term “ethology” was coined in its French form éthologie by the zoologist Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. It was first popularised in English by the American Myrmecologist William Morton Wheeler in 1902. An earlier, slightly different sense of the term was proposed by John Stuart Mill in his 1843 System of Logic. He recommended the development of a new science, "ethology," whose.
Evolutionary psychology - proposed that human cognition and behavior could be better understood by examining them in light of human evolutionary history. The main sources of evolutionary psychology are: cognitive psychology, genetics, ethology, anthropology, biology, zoology, etc. It has long been recognized (e.g., Galen, Paley) that organisms consist of functional mechanisms—hearts, lungs, livers, bones, prostates, uteruses, etc.—but before 1859 their origin was unknown. Darwin and Wallace proposed that these mechanisms—termed adaptations—evolved by natural selection and, thus, necessarily were designed to promote reproduction. Psychologists have demonstrated that cognitive processes, like the body's other mechanisms, have functional structure. Evolutionary psychologists propose that this structure evolved by natural selection to serve reproduction. Given that the brain mechanisms underpinning vision, hearing, motor control, pain, memory, etc., have obvious reproductive utility, this proposition is compelling. Further, these examples suggest.
Thomas Henry Huxley - - June 29, 1895) was a British biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his defence of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. His scientific debates against Richard Owen demonstrated that there were close similarities between the cerebral anatomy of humans and gorillas. Interestingly, Huxley did not accept many of Darwin's ideas (e.g. gradualism), and was more interested in advocating a materialist professional science than in defending natural selection. A talented populariser of science, he coined the term "agnosticism" to describe his stance on religious belief. His interest in Biology was the source of his coining of the word "Biogenesis", which represents the theory stating that all cells arise from other cells. Huxley was born in the village of Ealing near London, being the seventh of eight children of a teacher of mathematics..
Theodor von Heuglin - was trained to be a mining engineer. He was ambitious, however, to become a scientific investigator of unknown regions, and with that object studied the natural sciences, especially zoology. In 1850 he went to Egypt where he learnt Arabic, and visited the Red Sea and Sinai. In 1852 he accompanied Dr Christian Reitz, Austrian consul at Khartoum, on a journey to Abyssinia, and after Reitz's death was appointed his successor in the consulate. While he held this post he travelled in Abyssinia and Kordofan, making a valuable collection of natural history specimens. In 1857 he journeyed through the coast lands of the African side of the Red Sea, and along the Somali coast. In 1860 he was chosen as leader of an expedition to search for Eduard Vogel, his companions including.
Timeline of computing 1990-forward - This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 1990 to the present. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the related History of computing. Computing timelines: 500 BC-1949, 1950-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-present 1990 Consortium of major SVGA card manufactures (called Video Electronic Standard Association, VESA) was formed and then introduced VESA SVGA Standard. 1990 - March Macintosh IIfx released. Based on a 40 MHz version of the 68030 it achieved 10 MIPS. It also featured a faster SCSI adapter, which could transfer 3.0 Mb/sec. 1990 - May 22 Introduction of Windows 3.0 by Microsoft. It is a true multitasking system (or pretends to be on computers less than an 80386, by operating in 'Real' mode). It maintained compatibility with MS-DOS, on an 80386 it even.
Timeline of ornithology - system 1573 - Volcher Coiter publishes his first treatise on bird anatomy 1676 - Publication of Francis Willughby's Ornithologia by his collaborator John Ray. This is considered the beginning of scientific ornithology in Europe, revolutionizing ornithological taxonomy by organizing species according to their physical characteristics 1681 - The last Dodo dies on the island of Mauritius 1731-1743 - Mark Catesby publishes his Natural History of Carolina, which contains coloured plates of the birds of that colony, Florida and the Bahamas 1735 - First edition of Carolus Linnaeus' Systema Naturae. The classification of birds follows that of Ray 1741 - Georg Steller studies the birds of the north Pacific on his voyage with Vitus Bering 1743 - George Edwards begins publication of his bird plates 1760 - Mathurin Jacques Brisson's six-volume Ornithologie.
Species - 3 Implications of assignment of species status 4 The isolation species concept in more detail 4.1 The isolation question 4.2 The difference question 5 Historical development of the species concept 6 Links Importance in biological classification The idea of species has a long history. In formal scientific classification, the species level lies below the genus and above the subspecies. It is one of the most important levels of classification, for several reasons: It often corresponds to what lay people treat as the different basic kinds of organism - dogs are one species, cats another. It appears in the standard binomial nomenclature (or trinomial nomenclature) by which scientists typically refer to organisms/ It is the only taxonomic level which has empirical content, in the sense that asserting that two animals are of.
Sydney Harbour Bridge - for those who had built the bridge was the discovery that the Bayonne Bridge in New York, opened on November 15, 1931, was 70 cm longer. However, the Harbour Bridge was Sydney's tallest structure until 1967. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Description 2 Access 3 History 3.1 Planning 3.2 Construction 3.3 Opening of the Bridge 3.4 Post-construction 4 Quotes 5 External Links Description The bridge's two ends are located in at Dawes Point (in Sydney's Rocks area) and Milson's Point (in Sydney's lower North Shore area). It carries 8 lanes of traffic on its main roadway (called the Bradfield Highway), 2 railway lines and a bicycle path along its western side, and a footpath along its eastern side. The Bradfield Highway is about 2.4 km long and is the shortest highway.
Richard Owen - his intention of medical practice, and his life henceforth was devoted to purely scientific labours. He prepared an important series of catalogues of the Hunterian collection in the Royal College of Surgeons; and in the course of this work he acquired the unrivalled knowledge of comparative anatomy which enabled him to enrich all departments of the science, and specially facilitated his researches on the remains of extinct animals. In 1836 he was appointed Hunterian professor in the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1849 he succeeded Clift as conservator. He held the latter office until 1856, when he became superintendent of the natural history department of the British Museum. He then devoted much of his energies to a great scheme for a National Museum of Natural History, which eventually resulted in.
Patagonia - the Atlantic to the Cordillera of the Andes, to the north of 42°S; Chubut, 95,000 square miles approximately, embracing the region between 42° and 46°S; and Santa Cruz, which stretches from the last-named parallel as far south as the dividing line with Chile, and between Point Dungeness and the watershed of the Cordillera, an area approximately of 106,000 square miles. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Physiography 2 Climate 3 Fauna 4 History Physiography The general character of the Argentine portion of Patagonia is for the most part a region of vast steppe-like plains, rising in a succession of abrupt terraces about 100 meters (330 feet) at a time, and covered with an enormous bed of shingle almost bare of vegetation. In the hollows of the plains are ponds or lakes of.
Philip Henry Gosse - P. H. Gosse was, for the first part of his career, a popular science writer whose works examined topics ranging from Jamaican wildlife, to the American south, to marine zoology. He made his living writing on these topics, and then leveraging his fame into textbook sales (two of which covered zoology and "natural history"). In 1857, however, he published a notorious book: Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot. The problem of the age of the earth was a vexed one for much of the 19th century. The work of James Hutton had suggested that the earth had to be much, much older than those who trusted biblical chronology could accept. Regardless of whether one believed James Ussher's date of 4004 BC, or some other, no literal date reconstructed from.
Louis Agassiz - as his profession, he studied successively at the universities of Zürich, Heidelberg and Munich; while there he extended his knowledge of natural history, especially of botany. In 1829 he received the degree of doctor of philosophy at Erlangen, and in 1830 that of doctor of medicine at Munich. Moving to Paris he fell under the tutelage of Alexander von Humboldt and Georges Cuvier, who launched him on his careers of geology and zoology respectively. Until shortly before this time he had paid no special attention to the study of ichthyology, which soon afterwards became the great occupation of his life, if not the one for which he is most remembered in the modern day. Agassiz always declared that he was led into ichthyological pursuits through the following circumstances: In 1819-1820, J..
Jewish history - Jewish history Ancient Israelites For the first two periods the history of the Jews is mainly that of Palestine. It begins among those peoples which occupied the area lying between the Nile river on the one side and the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers on the other. Surrounded by ancient seats of culture in Egypt and Babylonia, by the deserts of Arabia, and by the highlands of Asia Minor, the land of Canaan (later Judea, then Palestine, then Israel) was a meeting place of civilizations. The land was traversed by old-established trade routes and possessed important harbors on the Gulf of Akaba and on the Mediterranean coast, the latter exposing it to the influence of other cultures of the Fertile Crescent. Traditionally Jews around the world claim.
Intellectual history - Intellectual history Intellectual history means either: the history of intellectuals, or: the history of the people who create, discuss, write about and in other ways propagate ideas. Intellectual history differs from (although related to) the history of philosophy and the history of ideas. Its central perspective suggests that ideas do not change in isolation from the people who create and use them and that we must study the culture, lives and environments of people to understand their ideas. The social/intellectual context in the writings of history includes: The Enlightenment - human rights, new science, democratic republic (scholarly sources Kant, Dilthey, Voltaire) Romanticism - individual, subjective, imaginative, personal, visonary (scholarly sources Carlyle, Rousseau, Hook, Herder) Post-Romanticism/reaction to naturalism, opposes external-only observations by adding internal observations (scholarly sources Comte,.
