Holy Roman Empire elector - Holy Roman Empire elector zh-cn:选帝侯 In the Holy Roman Empire, the electors or electoral princes (the German term is "Kurfürst", the plural: "Kurfürsten") had the function of electing the king of Germany preparatory to his accession as the next emperor, though until the 12th century they often merely formalized what was in fact a dynastic succession. Varying in number between six and ten from the 13th century to the Empire's end in 1806, the electors were drawn from the senior rulers of lands within the Empire. In a document known as the Golden Bull (1356) their status was regulated by Emperor Charles IV, who recognised them as quasi-independent rulers within their own domains. Each of the rulers was also given a special office, which gave them.
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor - Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (March 13, 1741 - 1790), Holy Roman Emperor, eldest son of the empress Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I, was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Joseph was one of the so-called "enlightened monarchs". Maria Theresa gave orders that he was only to be taught as if he were amusing himself; the result was that Joseph acquired a habit of crude and superficial study. His real education was given him by the writings of Voltaire and the Encyclopedists, and by the example of Frederick the Great. His useful training was conferred by government officials, who were directed to instruct him in the mechanical details of the administration of the numerous states.
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor - Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I (July 26, 1678 - April 17, 1711), Holy Roman Emperor , King of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, was the elder son of the emperor Leopold I and his third wife, Eleanora, countess palatine, daughter of Philip William of Neuburg, elector palatine. Born in Vienna, he was educated strictly by Prince Dietrich Otto von Salm, and became a good linguist. In 1687 he received the crown of Hungary, and be became king of the Romans on January 6, 1690. In 1699 he married Wilhelmina Amalia, daughter of Duke Frederick of Brunswick-Luneburg, by whom he had two daughters. In 1702, on the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, he saw his only military service. He joined the imperial.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor The Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg (May 14, 1318 - 1378) succeeded his father John of Luxembourg as king of the Romans in 1346, king of Bohemia in 1347 (as Charles I), and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1355 on the death of Louis IV. He retained the imperial title until his death in 1378. During his reign imperial policy refocused on the Germanic sphere and abandoned the ideal of the Holy Roman Empire as a universal monarchy. Charles IV concentrated his energies chiefly on the economic and intellectual development of Bohemia, founding the University of Prague in 1348 and encouraging the early humanists - he is known to have corresponded with Petrarch. Owing to his activity as a builder and.
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor - Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640-May 5, 1705), Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna daughter of Philip III of Spain, was born on the June 6 1640. Intended for the Church, he received a good education but his prospects were changed by the death of his elder brother the German king Ferdinand IV, in July 1654, when he becam his father's heir. In 1655 he was chosen king of Hungary and in 1656 king of Bohemia, and in July 1658, more than a year after his father's death, he was elected emperor at Frankfurt in spite of the intrigues of Cardinal Mazarin, who wished to place on the imperial throne Ferdinand.
Elector - Elector An elector can be: In the Holy Roman Empire, the collegiate of Electors (Kurfürsten) consisted of those lay or clerical princes who had the right to vote in the election of the Emperor; see Holy Roman Empire elector. Specifically in the United States, electors are delegates who have the right to vote in the U.S. Electoral College for the President of the United States. Generally, any voter can be called an elector; collectively such electors may comprise an electorate. This is a disambiguation page. If you followed a link to get here, you might want to go back and fix that link so that it points to a more appropriate page..
Electorate - of Finchley retuned the Tory candidate again) the geographically-defined area which returns (elects) a representative (the electorate of Finchley borders on the electorate of Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh, splitting the new housing estate of Royal Cupolas). Compare ward, district. The term was also sometimes used to refer to the dominion of an Elector in the Holy Roman Empire, who was a prince or bishop able to participate in the selection of the Emperor. One particularly well known electorate of this type was the Electorate of Hanover. In this usage, the word refers to a realm controlled by a single elector, rather than a collective of multiple electors (as in the other usages given)..
Swedish Empire - Swedish Empire This article is part of the History of Sweden series. Early Kingdoms Unification The Modern Sweden Rise as a Great Power The Swedish Empire - From 1648 to 1700. The Great War Absolute Monarchy The Union with Norway Modernization Industrialization Realm of Sweden List of Swedish monarchs List of Swedish wars Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Peace of Westphalia 2 Dominions 3 Domestic Consolidation 4 The Peace of Oliva 5 Danish defeat 6 The Scanian War 7 Charles XI 8 References The Peace of Westphalia See also: Peace of Westphalia It was the exploits of Axel Oxenstierna and Johan Banér which alone enabled Sweden to obtain even what she did obtain at the great Peace of Westphalia congress in 1648. Her original demands were.
John George III of Saxony - III was born in 1647 to the house of Wettin. He was the Elector of Saxony, one of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire . John George III Wettin married Anne Sophia of Denmark. They had a son named Frederick Augustus (the Strong)..
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough - Hertfordshire, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth (in addition to these English and Scotch titles he was also Prince of Mindelheim and a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire), was an English military officer during the War of the Spanish Succession. John Churchill was born to Elizabeth and Sir Winston Churchill (the more famous holder of that name is a descendant) in the immediate aftermath of the English Civil War. His father had fought for the Royalists during the conflict and had suffered badly for it -- they lived in very modest circumstances until the end of the Commonwealth. His staunch support for Charles II of England paid off with the return of the king, however, and one of the fruits of this was the appointment of 17-year-old John Churchill to the household.
Johann Joachim Winckelmann - physician he attended medical classes at Jena; but means were insufficient and he was obliged to accept a tutorship near Magdeburg. From 1743 to 1748 he was associate-rector of a school at Seehausen in the Altmark. He then went to Nothenitz near Dresden as librarian to Count Henry von Bünau, for whose history of the Holy Roman Empire he collected materials. The treasures in the Dresden gallery awakened an intense interest in art, which was deepened by association with various artists, and especially with AF Oeser, who afterwards exercised so powerful an influence over Goethe. Winckelmann's study of ancient literature had inspired him with a desire to visit Rome, and he became librarian to Cardinal Passionei in 1754. This compelled him reluctantly to join the Roman Catholic Church. In 1750, before.
June 28 - Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances Events 1243 - Innocent IV becomes pope. 1519 - Charles V elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 1635 - Guadeloupe becomes a French colony. 1651 - Battle of Beresteczko between Poles and Ukrainians, the biggest battle in the 17th century, starts. 1838 - Queen Victoria crowned. 1894 - Labor Day becomes an official US holiday. 1914 - Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophia are killed by a Serbian nationalist, the casus belli of World War I. 1919 - The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I. 1936 - The puppet state of Mengjiang is formed, with Demchugdongrub as the head. 1940 - Romania cedes Bessarabia (current-day Moldova) to the Soviet Union. 1950 - Seoul captured by troops from.
Imperial Circle Estates - Imperial Circle Estates In 1495, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into Imperial Circles (in German: Reichskreise). This act was part of the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform) concluded at the Reichstag at Worms. Initially, there were six Reichskreise; the number was raised to ten in 1512. Each circle was organized so that the states in a different region of the Empire would be able to organize a common defense. The Imperial Circle Estates (Reichskreisstandschaft) were the assemblies of each Circle. This article will attempt to list the various states represented in each Imperial Circle Estate. As of 1792, the Empire was divided into ten circles - Austrian, Bavarian, Burgundian, Franconian, Electoral Rhenish, Lower Rhenish-Westphalian, Lower Saxon, Upper Rhenish, Upper Saxon, and Swabian. However, some areas that were considered to be, at.
Hanover (state) - 1636, the capital of the Calenberg line of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was moved to the city of Hanover, and hence the line was also known as the Hanover line. In 1692, the duke received the additional title of elector (see Holy Roman Empire elector). In 1714, the Hanoverian electors became kings of Great Britain (see House of Hanover). The Kingdom of Hanover was created by the Congress of Vienna of 1815, and given to the former electors. The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837. In the Prussian-Austrian War of 1866, Hanover was annexed by Prussia and became a province (3.5 million inhabitants in 1939). In 1946, the British military administration made Hanover the main part of the state of Lower Saxony..
Hesse-Kassel - as mercenaries. Landgrave Frederick II, notably, hired out his troops to his nephew George III of Great Britain to suppress the rebellion of Britain's American colonies. The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation) of 1803 granted Landgrave Wilhelm IX the position of an Imperial Elector (Kurfürst) and took the title Wilhelm I, Elector of Hesse, although the state was still usually referred to as Hesse-Kassel. In 1806, Wilhelm I was dispossessed by Napoleon for his support of Prussia, and Kassel became the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia under Napoleon's brother Jerome. The Elector was restored as a result of Napoleon's defeat in 1813, and although the Holy Roman Empire was now defunct, Wilhelm clung to his title of Elector, hoping it would give him pre-eminence over his cousin,.
History of Württemberg - occurs sometimes in official documents and even on coins issued after that date. Württemberg's first known inhabitants, the Celts, preceded the arrival of the Suebi. In the 1st century A.D. the Romans conquered the land and defended their position there by constructing a rampart (limes). Early in the 3rd century the Alemanni drove the Romans beyond the Rhine and the Danube, but in their turn they succumbed to the Franks under Clovis, the decisive battle taking place in 496. For about four hundred years the district formed part of the Frankish empire, being administered by counts, but in the 9th century the German duchy of Swabia subsumed it. The Hohenstaufen family controlled the duchy of Swabia until the death of Conradin in 1268, when a considerable part of its lands fell.
Hohenzollern - Duchy of Prussia from 1525-1701; and the Kingdom of Prussia from 1701-1918. They ruled the German Empire from 1871-1918. They were dethroned following World War I. The Hohenzollern family came originally from south-west Germany; their name derives from their 13th-century castle of Zollern, near Stuttgart, Germany. Later, they became rulers of Nuremberg and other territories in Franconia and Swabia. Nonetheless, the real importance of the Hohenzollerns began with their being raised to the rank of Elector for the Holy Roman Empire in 1415 upon the acquisition of Brandenburg by the first Hohenzollern Elector, Friedrich I; the Brandenburg lands would form the core of the family's power for the next five hundred years. In chronological order, and grouped according to their most important title, the Hohenzollern rulers were: Electors of Brandenburg Friedrich.
Golden Bull - a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (see Diet of Nuremberg) that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. The Golden Bull explicitly named the seven Kurfürsten (Electors) who were to choose the King of the Germans, who would then usually be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope later. Consequently, the Bull speaks of the rex in imperatorem promovendus, the "king to be promoted emperor" -- although the distinction between the two titles would become increasingly irrelevant (and virtually nonexistant after 1508). Even though the practice of election had existed earlier and most of the dukes named in the Golden Bull were involved in the election,.
University of Heidelberg - established in the town of Heidelberg in the Rhineland in 1386. It was founded at the behest of the Count Palatinate and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, Ruprecht I, in order to provide faculties for the study of philosophy, theology, jurisprudence, and medicine. The Great Schism in 1378, which split European Christendom into two hostile groups, was initiated by the election of two popes after the death of Pope Gregory XI in the same year. One successor was in Avignon (elected by the French) and the other in Rome (elected by the Italian cardinals). The German secular and spiritual leaders voiced their support for the successor in Rome, which had far reaching consequences for the German students and teachers in Paris: they lost their stipends and had to leave. Palatine.
Graf - equal in rank to a count or an earl. The comital titles awarded in Holy Roman Empire were often related to the jurisdiction or domain of responsibility and represented special concessions of authority or rank. Only the more important titles came to remain in use until modern times. Many counts were titled Graf without any additional qualification. German English Comment Markgraf Pfalzgraf Landgraf Burggraf Rheingraf Altgraf Wildgraf Raugraf Margrave Count Palatine Landgrave Burgrave Rhinegrave Altgrave Wildgrave Raugrave Mark + Graf Palatinate + Graf Land + Graf Burg: castle + Graf Rhein: Rhine + Graf Alt: old or ancient + Graf Wild: wild or uncultivated + Graf Margrave A Markgraf, or Margrave, was originally the military governor of a German "Mark" (or march), a medieval border province. As outlying areas tended to.
