Human Genome Project - Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavoured to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the 30-35,000 genes present in it. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Goals 3 Benefits 4 External Links History The $3 billion project was founded in 1990 by the United States Department of Energy and the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and was expected to take 15 years. Due to widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics (especially in sequence analysis), as well as huge advances in computing technology, a rough draft of the genome was finished in 2000 (announced jointly by US president Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair on June 26, 2000),.
Genome project - Genome project Genome projects are scientific endeavours that aim to map the genome of a living being or of a species (be it an animal or a plant) or a virus, that is, the complete set of genes caried by this living being or virus. The Human Genome Project was such a project..
Genome - Genome In biology, the genome of an organism is a complete DNA sequence of one set of chromosomes; for example, one of the two sets that a diploid individual carries in every somatic cell. When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced," typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as "a genome sequence" may be a composite from the chromosomes of various individuals. Most biological entities more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their.
James Watson - Wilkins, they together developed the proposal of the structure of DNA, which they published in the journal Nature on April 25, 1953. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery in 1962. In 1988, Watson's achievement and success led to his appointment as the Head of the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health, a position he held until 1992. Watson is an outspoken atheist, known for his frank opinions on politics, religion, and the role of science in society. Controversial views he has stated include: That if a genetic test for homosexuality existed, a mother should be able to abort the fetus if she wanted. Linking intelligence inextricably to genes, saying that it would be beneficial to try and improve.
Genetic engineering - new genetic charecteristics to an organism to increase its usefulness such as, increasing the yield of a crop species, introducing a novel charecteristic, or to produce a new protien or enzyme. Examples are the production of human insulin through the use of modified bacteria and the production of new types of mice like the OncoMouse, (cancer mouse) for research, through genetic redesign. Since a protein is specified by a DNA segment or gene, future copies of that protein can be modified by changing the gene's underlying DNA. One way to do this is to isolate the DNA, cut it, and splice in a different DNA segment. Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith received the 1978 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their isolation of restriction endonucleases, which are able to cut.
Genomics - Genomics Genomics is the study of an organism's genome and the use of the genes. It deals with the systematic use of genome information, associated with other data, to provide answers in biology, medicine, and industry. Genomics appeared in the 1980s and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several species. The related field of genetics is the study of genes and their role in inheritance. Genomics has the potential of offering new therapeutic methods for the treatment of some diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods. Other applications are in the food and agriculture sectors. The major tools and methods related to genomics are bioinformatics, genetic analysis, measurement of gene expression, and determination of gene function. Comparison of genomes has resulted in some surprising.
Gene sequencing - genetic information held by the cell. DNA has a double helix structure and the coding regions of the molecule are formed of four nucleotides bound to the DNA. These are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). A always pairs with T and C with G, and so these are known as base pairs. Although other nucleotides exist in RNA and in non-human species their purpose is much the same. The base pairs running along the DNA structure from a three letter code which holds information required to make RNA which in turn controls cell function, development, gene expression and protein production. The section of DNA which codes for a base pair sequence which produces RNA for a particular purpose is a gene. Genes are vital to the understanding.
Glycome - entirety of carbohydrates in an organism. The glycome may in fact be one of the most complex entities in nature. The Genome is one of the most complex structures in an organism (although not necessarily as complex as, for example, the brains of higher organisms). The genome is responsible for the Proteome, which is more complex that the genome by virtue of the fact that it combines the complexity of the genome with the complexity of the proteins which the genome specifies, proteins whose characteristics are at least partially determined by the phenomenon of molecular folding, which is one of the most complex phenomena known to science. The glycome exceeds the complexity of the proteome as a result of the even greater diversity of the glycome's constituent carbohydrates and is further.
Decipherment - that the original document was not deliberately written to be difficult to decipher. The term has also been used to describe the analysis of the genetic code information encoded in DNA - see the Human Genome Project article for more on this. Some people have also used the word metaphorically to mean something like 'understanding'. see List of undeciphered languages Examples of document decipherment: Cuneiform (script)Cuneiform writing Harappan writing Egyptian hieroglyphic writing Indus script Linear A Linear B Maya writing Olmec writing Famous documents that have been the subject of actual or attempted decipherment: the Dresden Codex the Phaistos Disk the Rosetta Stone the Behistun Inscription the Voynich Manuscript Famous decipherers: Michael Ventris Jean-François Champollion Georg Friedrich Grotefend Yuri Knorosov See also: Archaeology Linguistics.
1990s - Development of GATT, the World Trade Organization and other global economic institutions Cloning (of Dolly, the sheep) achieved Break up of the Soviet Union in 1991 -- the end of the Cold War, United States as sole world superpower Human Genome Project begun Global human impact on the environment widely accepted Peace process begins in Northern Ireland. Balkan war in former Yugoslavia Gulf War and embargo on Iraq After 1992 the booming of the stock market, which stretched into the dot-com boom/dot-com bubble Bill Clinton's sex scandal with Monica Lewinsky and his Impeachment trial Grunge music Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K) Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia End of apartheid in South Africa and election of ANC government of Nelson Mandela North Yemen and South Yemen merge to form Yemen.
2001 in science - the "saddle" region of 433 Eros becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. Genesis spacecraft launched. NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 miles of Jupiter's moon Io. Biology The publicly funded Human Genome Project, led by Francis Collins and the privately funded Celera effort, led by Craig Venter simultaneously publish their decoding of the human genome (in Nature and Science, respectively). Craig Venter and Mark Adams complete the genetic map of the laboratory mouse. Fossil remains of the whale Rodhocetus Balochistanensis found in Balochistan Province, Pakistan by Philip Gingerich. Computer science In quantum computing, the first working 7-qubit NMR computer is demonstrated at IBM's Almaden Research Center, demonstrating Shor's algorithm Medicine July 2 - World's first self-contained artificial heart implanted in Robert Tools. Awards Nobel Prizes Physics - Eric.
Bacterial artificial chromosome - usual insert size is 150 kbp, with a range from 100 to 300 kbp. BACs are often used in sequencing other organisms, in genome projects, for example the Human Genome Project. A short piece of the organisms DNA is amplified as an insert in BACs, then sequenced. Finally, the sequenced parts are rearranged in silico, resulting in the genome sequence of the sequenced organism..
Bioinformatics - mathematical models or both. One of the main applications of bioinformatics is the data mining in and analysis of the data gathered in genome projects. Other applications are sequence alignment, protein structure prediction, metabolic networks, morphometrics and virtual evolution. Computer scripting languages such as Perl and Python are often used to interface with biological databases and parse output from bioinformatics programs. Communities of bioinformatics programmers have setup free/open source projects such as Bioperl, Bioruby, and Biopython which develop and distribute shared programming tools and objects (as program modules) that make bioinformatics easier. Since the Epstein-Barr virus was sequenced in 1984, the DNA sequence of more and more organisms is stored in electronic databases. This data is analyzed to determine genes that code for proteins, as well as regulatory sequences. A comparison.
Biotechnology - example of this would include a plant engineered to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. The term blue biotechnology has also been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. Biotechnology timeline 8000BC collecting of seeds for replanting. Evidence that Babylonians, Egyptians and Romans used selective breeding practices to improve livestock. (Artificial selection) 6000BC brewing beer, fermenting wine, baking bread with help of yeast 4000BC Chinese made yoghurt and cheese with lactic-acid-producing bacteria 1500 plant collecting around the world 1800 Nikolai I. Vavilov created comprehensive research on breeding animals 1880 microorganisms discovered 1856 Gregor Mendel started recombinant plant genetics 1919 Karl Ereky, a Hungarian engineer, first used the word biotechnology 1980 modern biotech is characterized by recombinant.
Blade Runner - movie's dark cyberpunk style and futuristic design have inspired many subsequent science fiction movies, The Fifth Element and The Matrix for example. It also owes a large debt to film noir, containing such conventions as the femme fatale and the questionable moral outlook of the Hero - extended here even to include the humanity of the hero, as well as the usual dark and shadowy cinematography. But it is also perhaps the most literate science fiction work of recent years, both thematically -- enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of the increasing human mastery of genetic engineering, within the context of classical Greek drama and its notions of hubris -- and linguistically, drawing on the poetry of William Blake and the Bible. It also features a chess game based.
Candida albicans - infections in patients not previously considered at risk (e.g. patients on an intensive care unit) have become a cause of major health concern. Among the many organisms that live in the human mouth and digestive tract is the yeast Candida albicans, which under normal circumstances lives in 80 percent of the human population with no harmful effects. However, overgrowth results in candidiasis. Candidiasis is often observed in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-positive patients. Candidiasis also may occur in the blood and in the genital tract. Candidiasis is commonly known as "thrush", and is a common condition that is usually easily cured in people who are not immunocompromised. To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form of Candida albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive, multicellular filamentous form..
Celera Genomics - Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). While at TIGR, Dr. Venter led the first successful effort to sequence an entire organism's genome, that of the H. influenzae bacterium. Deriving its name from the latin word for swiftness, Celera was formed for the purpose of generating and commercializing genomic information to accelerate the understanding of biological processes. Celera Genomics researchers were among the first to show the reliability of the whole genome shotgun strategy for sequencing both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. This is in contrast with the public domain initiatives, such as the Human Genome Project, which were based on a slower but safer clone by clone sequencing strategy. However, some researchers have expressed doubts about the overall quality of Celera's genome sequences. Critics of initial efforts by Celera Genomics to hold back.
Chromosome walking - strand is used as a primer for the next part of the long DNA sequence. That way, the short part of the long DNA that is sequenced keeps "walking" along the sequence. The method can be used to sequence entire chromosomes (thus, chromosome walking). A different method with the same purpose which becomes more popular for large-scale sequencing (e.g., the Human Genome Project) is shotgun sequencing..
Chain termination method - then added. The DNA polymerase catalyses the joining of deoxy nucleotides to the correspondng bases. However if by chance a dideoxy nucleotide is joined to a base, then that fragment of DNA will stop further pairing. Fragments of all sizes should be obtained due to the randomness of when a dideoxy nucleotide is added. When incubation is complete, the fragments are separated (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis, from longest to shortest. As each tagged dideoxy nucleotide fluoresces a different colour under laser light, it is possible to read off which base occurs at each displacement from the original primer. Uses The dideoxy method is now highly automated as a result of development occurring under the Human Genome Project, where it is used to sequence fragments of.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard - by conducting a spectacularly successful large-scale mutagenesis project that illuminated the embryonic development program of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Molecular biology is traditionally the province of small labs and jujitsu-like experiments that demonstrate principles or examples of possibly general significance. Experiments that demonstrate the activity of one gene, or the action of one protein, are the norm. On the other hand, surveys of large swaths of biological complexity are relatively rare, though very much in the news lately due to the human genome sequencing project. But occasional geneticists such as Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus or Leland Hartwell have been more ambitious, developing collections of mutant organisms that serve to fund the investigation of whole processes and sometimes the work of many investigators. Fruit flies have long been a workhorse of genetics.
