Human development theory - Human development theory Human development theory merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics. It seeks to avoid the overt normative politics of most so-called "green economics" by justifying its theses strictly in ecology, economics and sound social science, and by working within a context of globalization. Like ecological economics it focuses on measuring well-being and detecting uneconomic growth that comes at the expense of human health. However, it goes further in seeking not only to measure but to optimize well-being by some explicit modelling of how social capital and instructional capital can be deployed to optimize the overall value of human capital in an economy - which is itself part of an ecology. The role of individual capital within that.
Item response theory - Item response theory Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 2 IRT Models 3 Information 4 Estimation 5 A Comparison of Classical and Modern Test Theory 5.1 Scoring 6 A Breif List of References 7 External Links Overview Item response theory designates a body of related psychometric theory that predict outcomes of psychological testing such as the difficulty of items or the ability of test-takers. Generally speaking, the aim of item response theory is to understand and improve the reliability of psychological tests. Item response theory is very often referred to by its acronym, IRT. IRT may be regarded as roughly synonymous with latent trait theory. It is sometimes referred to using the word strong as in strong true score theory or modern as in modern mental test theory.
Human capital - Human capital Human capital refers, in macro-economics, to the capacity of a workforce to yield financial capital, in parallel to the way physical capital yields goods. Some economic system theories refer to it as labour, one of three factors of production, and considered it to be a commodity - easily interchangeable. Other analyses, for instance in human development theory, differentiate social trust (social capital), sharable knowledge (instructional capital), and the individual leadership and creativity (individual capital) as three distinct capacities of a human applying him or her self in economic activity. The term human capital thus refers to ambiguous combinations of these, and interactions with the welfare, education and health care systems can be modelled even past retirement - where, according to classical and neoclassical analysis,.
Endogenous growth theory - Endogenous growth theory Endogenous growth theory was developed in the 1980s as a response to criticism on the neo-classical growth model. In neoclassical growth models, growth is exogenous. That is, there is some variable - usually "technology" - that grows by assumption. Therefore, neoclassical growth models are able to describe how an economy grows, but now why it grows. Endogenous growth theory tries to overcome this shortcoming by making growth an endogenous variable (hence the name). Several competing models have been developed by various authors. Crucial importance is usually given to the "production" of new technologies and human capital. In contrast to the older neoclassical growth theory, endogenous growth theory argues that policy measures can have an impact on the long-run growth rate of an economy. Subsidies on.
Theory of multiple intelligences - Theory of multiple intelligences The theory of multiple intelligences is a theory proposed by the Harvard developmental psychologist Howard Gardner in 1983. The theory proposes that people have several kinds of "intelligence." Gardner bases much of his theory on studies of people who have had brain damage and studying their relative ability or inability to learn. He proposed that intelligence is the ability to solve problems that have value in at least one culture. The seven intelligences he defined are: logical-mathematical intelligence linguistic intelligence spatial intelligence bodily-kinesthetic intelligence musical intelligence intrapersonal intelligence interpersonal intelligence Other intelligences have been suggested, such as naturalist intelligence or spiritual intelligence. Schools emphasize the development of logical intelligence and linguistic intelligence (mainly reading and writing). People may also have various degrees.
Classical test theory - Classical test theory Classical test theory designates a body of related psychometric theory that predict outcomes of psychological testing such as the difficulty of items or the ability of test-takers. Generally speaking, the aim of classical test theory is to understand and improve the reliability of psychological tests. Classical test theory may be regarded as roughly synonymous with true score theory. The term "classical" refers not only to the chronology of these models but also contrasts with the more recent psychometric theories, generally referred to collectively as item response theory, which sometimes bear the appelation "modern" as in "modern latent trait theory". The central model of classical test theory is that observed test scores (x) are composed of a true score (T) and an error score (E): (Eq..
Superstring theory - Superstring theory Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings. It is considered one of the most promising candidate theories of quantum gravity. At present, the deepest problem in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation and applies to large-scale structures (stars, planets, galaxies), with quantum mechanics which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the microscopic scale. The development of a quantum field theory of a force invariably results in infinite (and therefore useless) answers. Physicists have developed mathematical techniques (renormalization) to eliminate these infinities which work for the electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces, but not gravity. Thus.
Recapitulation theory - Recapitulation theory "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny", also called the "biogenetic law" or the "theory of recapitulation", is a now discredited hypothesis in biology first espoused in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel. Ontogeny is the development of the embryos of a given species; phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species. The theory claims that the development of the embryo of every species repeats the evolutionary development of that species. In order to support his theory, Haeckel produced several embryo drawings which overemphasized similarities between embryos of related species and found their way into many biology textbooks. Modern biology rejects Haeckel's theory. While for instance the phylogeny of humans as having evolved from fish through reptiles to mammals is generally accepted, no cleanly defined "fish", "reptile" and "mammal" stages of.
Queer theory - Queer theory Queer theory is a deconstructionist theory about individuals' sex and gender in Queer studies. It proposes the theory that one's sexual identity is partly or wholly socially constructed, and therefore individuals cannot really be described using broad terms like "homosexual" or "woman." It challenges the common practice of compartmentalizing the description of a person to fit into one particular category. In particular, it rejects the creation of an artificial and socially assigned identity and membership in a group-entity to which all who share some habit or lifestyle defined by standards set by The Other (those who are not in fact participating) are relegated. It considers individuals to be just that, individuals, and requires building up categories and groups by voluntary and especially aesthetic associations. The.
Karl Pearson - April 27, 1936) was a major player in the early development of statistics as a serious scientific discipline in its own right. He founded the Department of Applied Statistics at University College London in 1911; it was the first university statistics department in the world. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Biography 2 Awards from Professional Bodies 3 Contributions to Statistics 4 Publications 5 Other Useful Sites 6 Further Reading Biography Karl Pearson was born in London on the 27th March 1857. He was educated privately at University College School, after which he went to King's College, Cambridge to study mathematics. He then spent part of 1879 and 1880 studying medieval and 16th-century German literature at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg - in fact, he became sufficiently knowledgeable in this field.
Ken Wilber - Integral Institute, a think-tank for studying issues of science and society in an integral way. Bibliography 1977 The Spectrum of Consciousness 1979 No Boundary: Eastern and Western Approaches to Personal Growth 1980 The Atman Project: A Transpersonal View of Human Development 1981 Up from Eden: A Transpersonal View of Human Evolution 1982 The Holographic Paradigm and Other Paradoxes: Exploring the Leading Edge of Science 1983 A Sociable God: A Brief Introduction to a Transcendental Sociology 1983 Eye to Eye: The Quest for the New Paradigm 1984 Quantum Questions: Mystical Writings of the World's Great Physicists 1986 Transformations of Consciousness: Conventional and Contemplative Perspectives on Development (co-authors: Jack Engler, Daniel Brown) 1987 Spiritual Choices: The Problem of Recognizing Authentic Paths to inner Transformation (co-authors: Dick Anthony, Bruce Ecker) 1991 Grace and Grit:.
KGB - to the KGB. Belarus is the only post-Soviet society where the successor organization continues to be called the KGB. Belarus is also where one of the founders of the KGB, Felix Dzerzhinsky — who was born in a town now within Belarusian territory — remains a national hero. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Tasks and Organization 2 Notable KGB Operations 3 Organization 4 Heads of the KGB or equivalent 5 See also Tasks and Organization Its tasks were external espionage, counter-espionage, liquidation of anti-Soviet and counter-revolutionary formations within the USSR, and guarding the leaders of the party and state. Unlike Western intelligence agancies, the KGB was (theoretically) not interested in learning enemy intentions, only their capabilites. Intentions were political decisions based on Marxist theory and the personal whims of the leadership..
Kitsch - the avant garde arose in order to defend aesthetic standards from the decline of taste involved in consumer society, and seeing kitsch and art as opposites. He outlined this in his famous essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch. One of his more controversial claims was that kitsch was equivalent to Academic art: "All kitsch is academic, and conversely, all that is academic is kitsch." He argued this based on the fact that Academic art, such as that in the 19th century, was heavily centered in rules and formulations that were taught and tried to make art into something learnable and easily expressible. He later came to withdraw from his position of equating the two, as it became heavily criticized. While its true that some Academic art might have been kitsch, not all of.
Kokopelli - most fertility deities, Kokopelli presides over both childbirth and agriculture. He is also a trickster god. Because of his influence over human sexuality, Kokopelli is often depicted with an inhumanly large phallus. Among the Winnebago, this penis is detachable, and he sometimes leaves it in a river in order to have sex with girls who bathe there. Among the Hopi, Kokopelli carries unborn children on his back and distributes them to women (for this reason, young girls are often deathly afraid of him). He often takes part in rituals relating to marriage, and Kokopelli himself is sometimes depicted with a consort, a woman called Kokopelli-mana by the Hohokam and Hopi. Kokopelli also presides over the reproduction of game animals, and for this reason, he is often depicted with animal companions such.
Kristen Nygaard - created. Through his ground-breaking research Nygaard made it possible to manage that complexity. Nygaard got his master's degree in mathematics at the University of Oslo in 1956. His thesis on abstract probability theory was entitled "Theoretical Aspects of Monte Carlo Methods". Nygaard worked full time at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment from 1948 to 1960 - in computing and programming (1948-1954) and operational research (1952-1960). From 1957 to 1960 he was head of the first operations research groups in the Norwegian defense establishment. He was cofounder and first chairman of the Norwegian Operational Research Society (1959-1964). In 1960 he was hired by the Norwegian Computing Center (NCC), responsible for building up the NCC as a research institute in the 1960s, becoming its Director of Research in 1962. Together with Ole-Johan Dahl.
Kuzari - creation of the world, etc., being taught by religion, do not need any speculative demonstrations. Further, he propounds the principle upon which his religious system is founded; namely, that revealed religion is far superior to natural religion. For the aim of ethical training, which is the object of religion, is not to create in man good intentions, but to cause him to perform good deeds. This aim can not be attained by philosophy, which is undecided as to the nature of good, but can be secured by religious training, which teaches what is good. As science is the sum of all truth found by successive generations, so religious training is based upon a set of traditions; in other words, history is an important factor in the development of human culture and.
J. B. S. Haldane - Haldane's principle. This is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have: "Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells." The conceptual metaphor to animal body complexity has been of use in energy economics and secession ideas. Haldane was friends with the author Aldous Huxley, and was the basis for the biologist Shearwater in Huxley's novel Antic Hay. Ideas from Haldane's Daedalus, such as ectogenesis (the development of fetuses in artificial wombs), also influenced Huxley's Brave New World. He had many students, the most famous of whom, John.
James Martineau - who was also his colleague in the college, and then for twelve years alone. In 1866 the chair of the philosophy of mind and logic in University College, London, fell vacant, and Martineau became a candidate. But potent opposition was offered to the appointment of a minister of religion, and the chair went to George Croom Robertson--then an untried man--between whom and Martineau a cordial friendship came to exist. In 1885 he retired, full of years and honours, from the principalship of the college he had so long served and adorned. Martineau, who was in his youth denied the benefit of a university education, yet in his age found famous universities eager to confer upon him their highest distinctions. He was made LL.D. of Harvard in 1872, S.T.D. of Leiden in.
Jewish principles of faith - humanity 1.5 Names of God 1.6 The Nature of God 1.7 To God alone may one offer prayer 1.8 Scripture 1.9 The words of the prophets are true 1.10 The status of Moses 1.11 The Torah and Jewish Denominations 1.12 Holy Books 1.13 Reward and punishment 1.14 Israel chosen for a purpose 1.15 The messianic age 1.16 The soul is pure at birth 2 History and development 2.17 No formal text canonized 2.18 Gaining converts 2.19 Is faith necessary? 2.20 Belief in the Mishnah and the Talmud 2.21 Belief in the Medieval era 2.22 Maimonides's 13 Principles of Faith 2.23 Principles of faith after Maimonides 2.24 The Enlightenment 2.24.1 Dogma in Orthodox Judaism 2.24.2 Dogma in Conservative Judaism 2.24.3 Dogma in Reform Judaism 2.24.4 Dogma in Reconstructionist Judaism 2.25 Jewish belief.
Vishnu - His own personality or creativity i.e., ahamta, which in its feminine form is called Sri or Lakshmi. He therefore needs consort Goddess Lakshmi to be with Him always, untouched by any. Thus goddess Lakshmi has to accompany Vishnu in all His incarnations. His mount is Garuda, the eagle. He, along with the rishis, helped broker the truce between Vritra and Indra. Depiction Vishnu is usually depicted as a four-armed humanoid with blue skin, often sitting or resting on a lotus flower. He also has a shapeless, omnipresent form called Hari. Avatars It is believed that he manifested himself as a human being in ten Avatars. His avatars are said to be Matsya, the fish Kurma, the tortoise Varaha, the boar Narasimha, the Man-Lion (Nara = man, simha = lion) Vamana, the.
