Hungarian language - Hungarian language Hungarian (Magyar) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in certain areas of Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Slovenia, all territories acquired after World War I. (As Hungarians say: "Hungary is perhaps the only country which is surrounded by itself." - because on the other side of every border is a land which used to be part of Hungary.) There are about 14.5 million speakers, of which 10 million live in Hungary. Hungarian vocabulary contains many words borrowed from various Turkic languages, as well as a few words borrowed from the Turkish language, and several hundred loans from German and Slavic languages but has retained its Ugric originality. The basic vocabulary shares many words with Finnish (e.g. the numbers egy ~ yksi,.
Kafka's language - Kafka's language One of the most interesting aspects of Kafka's work is that he wrote in Prussian dialect, not German. Prussian literature is uncommon, at best, as Prussian is thought to be a strict, highly technical language-- the language of engineers. (The difference between Prussian and German is akin to the difference between the English of Nabokov's Lolita and that of the Owner's Manual from a '94 Jeep Wrangler.) In this regard, Kafka follows an interesting Jewish literary tradition: the oldest Jewish prayers (e.g. Mourner's Kaddish) and literature (e.g. The Old Testament's Song of Songs, aka the Song of Solomon) are written in Aramaic-- a trade language older than Hebrew. The vast bulk of the Jewish contribution to World Literature and Art, prior to WWII and Shoa.
Indo-European languages - three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. The hypothesis that this was so was first proposed by Sir William Jones, who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit and Persian. Systematic comparison of these and other old languages conducted by Franz Bopp supported this theory. In the 19th century, scholars used to call the group "Indo-Germanic languages". However when it became apparent that the connection is relevant to most of Europe's languages, the name was expanded to Indo-European. An example of this was the strong similarity discovered between Sanskrit and olden spoken dialects of Lithuanian. The common ancestral (reconstructed) language is called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). There is disagreement as.
History of the Slovak language - History of the Slovak language This is a tabular history of the Slovak language. See also History of Slovakia. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early History 2 Standardization: 3 Modern History Early History ;around 500: arrival of the Slavs on the territory of Slovakia ;6th – 7th century: Phonological differentiation within the uniform Slavic language (Proto-Slavic) begins and it also occurs on the territory of Slovakia. For some results of this differentiation, see 9th century. ;9th century: Nitrian principality (till 833) in Slovakia and Great Moravia (833-?907) in Slovakia and Moravia.A dialect exists in central Slovakia that has changed the Proto-Slavic groups –ort-, -olt- in rat-, lat- (as in today standard, Slovak language), e. g. in the name of the Great Moravian prince Rastislav (in Czech Rostislav). Furthermore,.
Ubykh language - Ubykh language Ubykh is a language of the Northwestern Caucasian group, which was spoken by the people of the same name up until the early 1990s. It is characterised, like most other Northwest Caucasian languages, by the following features: Ubykh is an ergative language, making no distinction between the subject of an intransitive sentence and the direct object of a transitive sentence. It is highly agglutinative, using mainly monosyllabic or bisyllabic roots, but with single morphological words sometimes reaching eight or nine syllables in length. Affixes rarely fuse in any way. It has a simple nominal system, contrasting just four noun cases, and not marking grammatical number in the direct or locative cases. Its system of verbal agreement is frighteningly complex. English verbs must agree only with.
Hungarian - Hungarian The word Hungarian can refer to From or related to the country Hungary A Hungarian person The Hungarian language Of or relating to Hungarian notation, a method of naming program variables This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page..
Hungarian alphabet - Hungarian alphabet The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Roman alphabet. Below are the 44 letters of the Hungarian alphabet: A Á B C Cs D Dz Dzs E É F G Gy H I Í J K L Ly M N Ny O Ó Ö Ő P (Q) R S Sz T Ty U Ú Ü Ű V (W) (X) (Y) Z Zs See also: Alphabet, SAMPA for the Hungarian language..
Finnish language phonetics - Finnish language phonetics This article deals with the sound patterns of the Finnish language. The grammar of Finnish and the way(s) in which Finnish is spoken are dealt with in separate articles. Phonetics Originally, Finnish had no initial consonant clusters, this however is changing due to influence from other European languages. Older borrowings from (e.g.) Swedish have had initial consonant clusters eroded. For example "koulu" <- school, "tuoli" <- stool. More recent borrowings have retained their clusters, for example 'presidentti' = 'president'. However, it is common to hear these clusters eroded in speech ("resitentti") particularly, though not exclusively, by Finns who know little or no Swedish or English and who are not used to making sounds for letters such as d, c or x. Vowels Like the.
Uralic languages - the Finno-Ugric subfamily; the other subfamily is called Samoyedic. Merritt Ruhlen (A Guide to the World's Languages, Stanford UP, 1991) adds the Palaeosiberian language, Yukaghir as coordinate with Samoyedic and Finno-Ugric. There is some debate about a possible relationship between the family as a whole and the Altaic languages; a few scholars also consider the Uralic languages to be related to the Indo-European languages, see also Nostratic language. The most spoken members of the family are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Some characteristic features of these languages are: Extensive use of independent suffixes Large set of grammatical cases Vowel harmony.
Ural-Altaic languages - plus perhaps Korean and Japanese) and Uralic languages (Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian mostly) into one language group. Cases can be made both for and against this. Both groups follow the principle of vowel harmony, are agglutinative (stringing suffixes, prefixes or both onto a single root) and lack any way for expressing grammatical gender (see noun case). However, the vocabulary of both groups does not correspond, except for borrowings. Thus it remains for the linguists of the future to prove or disprove this proposal..
Estonian language - Estonian language The Estonian language (eesti keel) is spoken by about 1.1 million people, of which the great majority live in the Republic of Estonia. Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. Estonian is not, as is sometimes thought, in any way related to its nearest geographic neighbors, Latvian and Lithuanian, which are Baltic languages, but is related to Finnish, spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and Hungarian. In fact, the northern dialects of Estonian are sufficiently similar to Finnish for the two to be mutually intelligible. One of the distinctive features of Estonian is that it has three degrees of phoneme length: short, long, and "overlong", such that SAMPA /toto/, /to:to/ and /to::to/ are distinct, as are /toto/, /tot:o/,.
European languages - many indigenous languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. The scope of this article also includes languages spoken outside of continental Europe that belong to European language families (such as Afrikaans). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Basque 2 Caucasian languages 3 Constructed languages 4 Finno-Ugric languages 5 Indo-European languages 5.1 Albanian 5.2 Armenian 5.3 Baltic languages 5.4 Celtic languages 5.4.1 Brythonic 5.4.2 Goidelic (Gaelic) 5.5 Germanic languages 5.5.3 North Germanic languages 5.5.4 West Germanic languages 5.5.5 East Germanic languages 5.6 Indo-Aryan languages 5.7 Italic languages 5.7.6 Romance languages 5.8 Slavic languages 5.8.7 West Slavic languages 5.8.8 East Slavic languages 5.8.9 South Slavic languages 6 Others of note Basque The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not closely related to any.
Agglutinative language - Agglutinative language An agglutinative language is a language in which the words are formed by gluing morphemes together. This term was introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt 1836 to classify languages from a morphological point of view. Agglutinative languages are the most common form of synthetic language, and are usually highly inflected. The name was derived from the Latin verb agglutinare, which means "to glue together". The opposite of a synthetic language is an analytic, or isolating language. Synthetic languages which are not agglutinative are called fusional languages; they combine morphemes by "squeezing" them together, often changing the morphemes drastically in the process. "Agglutinative" is sometimes used as a synonym for synthetic, although it technically is not. When used in this way, the word embraces fusional languages and.
Altaic languages - been distributed by the many invasions out of that corridor. Turkic languages Mongolian language Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus) The following languages have been postulated to belong to the Altaic group of languages; however, no empirical proof of any genetic relationship has been made so far: Japanese Korean Ainu The existence of the Altaic family is not accepted without question. The Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic families do have strong similarities in many ways, but some linguists suggest these are due to their forming a Sprachbund, with intensive borrowing from long contact. To a lesser extent they also resemble the Uralic languages (such as Finnish and Hungarian), and a Ural-Altaic superfamily is proposed. See also: Altai\n.
Catalan language - Catalan language Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language (see also Iberian Romance Languages) spoken in a territory populated by some 11 million people that spans the states of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy: Catalonia (Catalunya, Spain), where it is coofficial with Spanish. Balearic Islands (Illes Balears, Spain), where it is coofficial with Spanish. Andorra, where it is the only official language. Part of Valencia (País Valencià, Spain), where it is coofficial with Spanish and where the language is officially named Valencià (Valencian). North Catalonia or Roussillon (Catalunya Nord, France), where Catalan has no official status. An adjacent strip of Aragon, Spain (La Franja), in particular the comarques of Baixa Ribagorça, Llitera, Baix Cinca, and Matarranya, where it has no official status, but has gained some recognition.
Common phrases in different languages - of common phrases in different languages. It is possible for tourists in a country whose language they do not understand to get along with a surprisingly short list of phrases, combined with pointing, miming, and writing down numbers on paper. You are invited to add more languages to the list. Please use the minimum number of words that would be understandable and put the pronunciation in slashes according to SAMPA transcription if possible. If desired, also add a pseudo-English pronunciation guide for those not familiar with SAMPA or IPA. However, actual pronunciations of the pseudo-English spellings will vary wildly from speaker to speaker. Enclose the "spelling guide" in parentheses, separate syllables with dashes, use English words that sound like the syllables if possible, and render the stressed syllable in ALL CAPS..
Tibetan language - Tibetan language zh-cn:藏语 The Tibetan language, called Poe-Skey in the native tongue, is spoken by approximately 5-7 million Tibetan people in the Tibetan Plateau. There are also approximately 150,000 exile speakers. It belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan linguistic family, which means that it is a distant relative of the Chinese languages. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Styles 2 Dialects 3 Writing 4 Grammar 5 Evolution of Styles 6 Phonetics 7 Studies Styles P'al-skcfd: The vernacular speech. Rje-sa ("polite respectful speech"): the formal spoken style. Ch'os-skad ("book language"): the literary style in which the scriptures and other classical works are written. The difference between P'al-skcfd and Ch'os-skad can be compared to that of Vernacular Chinese and Classical Chinese. Dialects It is not a uniform speech,.
Turkish language - Turkish language Turkish (Türk dili) is a member of Turkic family of languages, often considered a subclass of the Altaic languages. Thus Mongolian is possibly related to Turkish. Although the languages of other Turkic countries (former Soviet republics) are quite similar to Turkish (especially those of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan), there are many major differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. The Turkish used in countries such as Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, the Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Uzbekistan is also called Osmanli. The characteristic features of Turkish are the vowel harmony (if the first vowel of a Turkish word is a front vowel, the second and other vowels of the same word are usually the same vowel or another front vowel; e.g. Erdem), the abundance of suffixes (and very.
Sardinian language - Sardinian language Sardinian (Sardu) is the main language spoken in the island of Sardinia, Italy, and it is considered the most conservative of all Romance languages. The particular history of the island, practically isolated from the Continent for thousands of years, and only in recent times allowed to easily communicate with the mainland, made it possible to preserve with a certain vividness the distinct traces of the linguistic invasions or influences. These presumably met the original language of Nuragici people and interacted with it to build the essential structure of Sardinian. These cultural contacts are commonly identified in: (very concisely, and just for a rough scheme) Mediterranean influences Etruscan Phoenician and Euro-African Protohiberian and Hispano-Caucasican Ligurian Latin Catalan Spanish Italian The basic origins of Sardinian language (by.
Sumerian language - Sumerian language The Sumerian language of ancient Sumer (or, more accurately, Shumer) became extinct and was forgotten until the 19th century. It does not have any known affinities to other languages (though many theories, linking it to Hungarian, Basque, Etruscan and many other languages exist). This distinguishes it from other languages of the area such as Hebrew, Akkadian, which also comprises Babylonian and Assyrian, and Aramaic, which are Semitic languages. Sumerian was the first known written language. The script, called cuneiform, meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for Akkadian. It was even adapted to Indo-European languages like Hittite (which also had a hieroglyphic script, as did the Egyptians) and Old Persian, though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated. The language.
