Hyoscyamine - Hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is part of the Secondary metabolites of plants. It is used in medicine under a number of brand names but also as a generic compund. It is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, IBS, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems and control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It is anticholinergic, working by inhibting the action of acetylcholine in smooth and cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and the exocrine glands. Side effects include eye pain, blurred vision, restlessness, dizziness, arrythmia, flushing, faintness. An overdose will cause headache, nausea, vomiting and CNS symptoms.
Datura - the large (in some varieties up to 1 foot long) trumpet-shaped flowers. All members of the family, under whichever name, contain the anticholinergic alkaloids hyoscyamine, scopolamine and atropine. One annual species, Datura stramonium, or the thorn apple, so called for its spiked seed pods, was grown for its alkaloid content and used in medicine. Datura was supposedly used in witchcraft to induce hallucinations. If taken one does not stop dreaming even when awake. Hallucinations caused by anticholergenics are extremely powerful from the point of view that they can create fully realistic 3d objects which blend in perfectly with the persons view of the world. Datura stramonium is commonly called jimsonweed. It got this name from the town of Jamestown, Virginia. In the 1600s, starving settlers were willing to try anything. They.
3-quinuclidinyl benzilate - DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 12 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 13 Anticholinergics 14 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT 15 HISTORY AND TOXICITY OF PHYSOSTIGMINE 16 TRIAGE 17 RETURN TO DUTY OVERVIEW BZ is a glycolate anticholinergic compound related to atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine (others). Dispersal would be as an aerosolized solid (primarily for inhalation) or as agent dissolved in one or more solvents for ingestion or percutaneous absorption (physical properties). Acting as a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine at postsynaptic and postjunctional muscarinic receptor sites in smooth muscle, exocrine glands, autonomic ganglia, and the brain, BZ decreases the effective concentration of acetylcholine seen by receptors at these sites. Thus, BZ causes peripheral nervous system (PNS) effects that in general are the opposite of those seen in nerve agent poisoning (Peripheral Effects 1, Peripheral Effects 2). Central nervous system (CNS).
Secondary metabolite - metabolites also bacteria, fungi and many marine organisms (sponges, tunicates, corals, snails) are very interesting sources too. The main classes of secondary metabolites are: alkaloids, terpenoids, aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic organic acids, phenols, irridoids, steroids, volatile oils, resins and balsams, saponins. List of most important secondary metabolites of plants: Class Alkaloids: Hyoscyamine, present in Datura stramonium Atropine, present in Atropa belladonna, Deadly nightshade Class Terpenoids: Azadirachtin A, present in Azadirachta indica, Neem tree Class Aliphatic, Aromatic and Heteroaromatic organic acids: Class Phenols: Resveratrol, present in Vine, Peanut Class Irridoids: Class Steroids: Class Volatile oils, Resins and Balsams: Class Saponins:.
Poison - Monarch butterfly larvae, however, are not susceptible to the toxin; in fact they accumulate it in their bodies as they eat the leaves of their host plant. Any predator who wishes to make a meal of an adult monarch will tend to be dissuaded by the bitter taste, and learn to leave the brightly colored insects alone. This gives considerable protection for monarchs from birds and other predators. The study of the symptoms, mechanisms, treatment and diagnosis of biological poisoning is known as toxicology. Exposure to radioactive substances can produce radiation poisoning, an unrelated phenomenon. Examples of biological poisons Non-radioactive inorganic poisons Elemental metals beryllium cadmium lead thallium mercury Elemental metalloids arsenic Elemental nonmetals fluorine chlorine bromine Arsenic compounds arsenic trioxide Fowler's solution ammonia Organic poisons cyanides potassium cyanide hydrogen cyanide.
