Indigenous people - Indigenous people Indigenous people is a term applied to what explorers and anthropologists, especially from Europe, used to call "primitive tribes". The latter term has fallen into disfavor as being demeaning and, according to anthropologists, inaccurate (see tribe, cultural evolution). Generally, the term refers to the people living in an area prior to European colonization, and to their descendants. It may also apply to people living in an area prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not belong to the dominant nation of a nation-state. By the 17th century, indigenous peoples were commonly labeled "uncivilized". Critics of civilization, such as J.J. Rousseau, considered them to be "noble savages"; proponents of civilization, like T. Hobbes, considered them merely savages. Such proponents of civilization believed.
Indigenous people of Brazil - Indigenous people of Brazil The number of indigenous people in Brazil has declined sharply from a pre-Columbian high of an estimted 5-6 million to just 100,000 in 1950. Over the past fifty years, efforts have been underway to protect the country's native peoples, and the population has risen again to some 300,000 (1997) in some 200 tribal groupings. Indigenous people of Brazil include: Apinaje Asheninka Awá Banawa Caingang Caripuna Fulni-o Guajajara Guarani Karaja Katuquina Kaxinawa Kraho Macuxi Pataxo Potiguara Tapuia Terena Ticuna Xacriaba Xavante Xerente Xucuru Yanomami Yawanawa.
Indigenous cultures, kingdoms and ethnic groups of Senegal - Indigenous cultures, kingdoms and ethnic groups of Senegal Senegal has a very varied cultural landscape and a history of kingdoms, empires, brotherhoods and colonial struggles (between and against colonizing powers). The ethnic groups of Senegal today live in relative peace and harmony, despite their diversity and differences in economic advancement. The main ethnic groups are the Wolof, the Serer, the Fulfulde (Peulh or Fula), the Jola (Diola), the Tukulor, the Lebou, the Niominka, the Bassari and the Bambara. Other cultures include the Moors (Maures or Naar), the Lebanese, and the French. Linguistically, the Wolof have become dominant, and the Wolof is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, as a first or second language; French is the second-most-widely spoken second language. The Serer Language is a.
Indigenous Dialogues - Indigenous Dialogues The Indigenous Dialogues Foundation (Indiĝenaj Dialogoj or ID) is an international organisation which seeks to empower organisations of indigenous peoples worldwide to communicate directly, freely, and affordably, allowing them to more effectively work together for their common interests. ID provides internet connectivity and teaches courses in Esperanto as an international bridge language. Esperanto was chosen rather than a major national language such as English because it is nationally neutral and relatively easy to master, while still backed and proven by an existing infrastructure -- over a century of Esperanto culture -- and its surface similarities to major European languages facilitate the learning of regional and world languages such as English, Spanish, or Russian. Bessie Schadee and Sylvain Lelarge of the Netherlands and José Carlos.
Indigenous - Indigenous The word indigenous has several, related meanings: The native people of a place; see Indigenous people. In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota, in contrast to any one of several terms meaning not native to a place (non-native, alien, adventive, introduced) and differentiated from endemic. A species that is endemic is unique to that place, found naturally nowhere else. A species that is indigenous is native, but not unique in the sense that it is also native to other locations as well. Thus, a species that is native to California, but found naturally in Oregon and Washington as well (native to the West Coast of the United States) is indigenous to California. A species found only in the British Isles, is endemic.
Hawaiian people - Hawaiian people The term Hawaiian (or Native Hawaiian) refers to the indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands. They are a Polynesian people who came by sea from the South Pacific. Although their traditional language is Hawaiian, today most speak English in everyday use; only in certain areas (such as the island of Niihau) is the Hawaiian language used in daily life. According to the Hawaii State Office of Hawaiian Affairs, which administers programs benefiting Hawaiians, "Hawaiian" or "Native Hawaiian" (capitalized) refers to: any descendant of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands which exercised sovereignty and subsisted in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, and which peoples thereafter have continued to reside in Hawaii. Within this definition are two classifications of "native Hawaiian" (uncapitalized) and "part Hawaiian". People.
Vegetarianism - books Eating Well for Optimum Health. (This is not true vegetarianism) In the United States, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo-lacto vegetarianism; and will sometimes be assumed to tolerate some meat, for instance, chicken (or "at least" fish). It is also possible to order a vegetarian meal and be served meat. In the UK, due to its sizeable Hindu minority, vegetarianism often refers to the Hindu practice described below. Strict vegetarians avoid the consumption of all animal products (e.g. eggs, milk and cheese.) Today, these people are commonly called vegans, though some reserve this term for those who additionally avoid usage of all kinds of animal products, not just food (e.g. leather). Hindus of certain castes are forbidden from consuming anything gained at the expense of an animal's suffering: e.g. meat,.
Kawanatanga - Kawanatanga is a word from the Maori language (Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand). The word first appeared in 1840 when the Treaty of Waitangi was being translated from English into Maori. It was used there to translate the concept of sovereignty, for which there was no existing suitable word in the Maori language at the time. The first part of the word, Kawana, is a transliteration into Maori of the English word governor. The suffix -tanga is very similar in meaning and use to the english suffix -ship, for example rangatiratanga (chieftainship) and kingitanga (kingship). So a literal translation of the word would be governorship. The meaning attached to this word, and in particular how it relates to rangatiratanga is vital to discussion of the Treaty of Waitangi..
Khabarovsk Krai - Demographics Geography Khabarovsk Krai shares its borders with Chukotka Autonomous National Area on the north, with Sakha Republic and Amur Oblast on the west, with the People's Republic of China and Primorye Krai on the south, while being limited by the Sea of Okhotsk on the east. Taiga and tundra in the north, swampy forest in the central depression, and deciduous forest in the south are the natural vegetation in the area. Economy Major industries include timberworking and fishing, along with metallurgy in the main cities, although the krai's own mineral resources are poorly developed. Komsomolsk-na-Amure is the iron and steel center of the Far East; a pipeline from northern Sakhalin supplies the petroleum-refining industry in the city of Khabarovsk. In the Amur basin, there is also some cultivation of wheat.
Korean Buddhism - arrived to Baekje from the Eastern Chin. Due to Silla's relatively isolated geographical location, the official date for its reception of Buddhism was a bit later, most likely during the fifth century. But since there is evidence that the significance of these early Chinese Buddhist missions into Korea was well understood by the Koreans in advance, it is commonly assumed that Buddhism was known to these regions well before these official dates. Although there is evidence for the existence of Sarvāstivāda, Cheontae (Ch. Tiantai) and Satyasiddhi (Ch. Chengshi) studies during this early period, the most popular initial forms of Buddhism were initially: the Samnon (Ch. Sanlun,) school, which focused on the Indian Mādhyamika (Middle Path) doctrine, and was initially popular in Goguryeo and Baekje; the Gyeyul (Skt. Vinaya) school, which focused.
Kun Tao Silat - Chinese traders started to trade with other nearby countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia) they of course brought their arts with them. This occurred around the 9th century. However there was a bigger movement around the 12th century during the Manchurian invasion. The people who mainly left China at this point were the Hakka people. These people were known for their traveling exploits. Their name Hakka means guest family or royal family, hence perhaps the reasoning for the exodus from China during the Manchurian invasion. In Indonesia the art was referred to as Kun Tao. Now in Indonesia due to political reasons the government frowned upon the use of Chinese, and outlawed the speaking of Chinese, the use of Chinese names, and most of all the practice of Kun Tao. The Chinese have.
Kuna - Kuna Kuna or Cuna is the name of an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. The spelling Kuna is currently preferred. In the Kuna language, the name is Dule or Tule, meaning "people." The name of the language in Kuna is Dulegaya, meaning "people's language." The Kuna live in three politically autonomous comarcas or reservations in Panama, and in a few small villages in Colombia. There are also communities of Kuna people in Panama City, Colón, and other cities. The greatest number of Kuna people live on small islands in the comarca of Kuna Yala. The other two Kuna comarcas in Panama are Kuna de Madugandi and Kuna de Wargandi. The economy of Kuna Yala is based on agriculture and fishing, and has a long tradition of international trade. Plantains,.
Kuna Yala - name of an autonomous territory or comarca in Panama, inhabited by the Kuna indigenous people. The name means "Kuna-land" or "Kuna mountain" in the Kuna language. The area was formerly known as San Blas. Kuna Yala has an area of 924 square miles and a population of 32,446 people (2000). The comarca consists of a strip of land stretching 232 miles along the Caribbean coast of Panama, bordering Colombia and the province of Darien. An archipelago of over 360 islands runs along the coast, about 36 of which are inhabited by Kuna communities. An additional 13 communities are located on the mainland coast, for a total of 49 communities. The Kuna revolution began on February 25, 1925 when an armed group attacked the Panamanian police stationed on the islands of Tupile.
Kwakiutl - Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Island, and the mainland. The term they prefer to describe themselves is Kwakwaka'wakw, with their indigenous language, part of the Wakashan family, being termed Kwak'wala. The language is now spoken by less than 5 percent of the population--about 250 people. Traditionally, the Kwakiutl were organized into about thirty independent tribes. Their society was highly stratified, with three main classes, determined by heredity: nobles, commoners, and slaves. Their economy was based primarily on fishing, with the men also engaging in some hunting, and the women gathering wild fruits and berries. Ornate weaving and woodwork were important crafts, and wealth, defined by slaves and material goods, was prominently displayed and traded at potlatch ceremonies. These customs were the subject of extensive study by the anthropologist Franz Boas. Disease, which.
Japan - within Japan. It is from the Chinese version of the name that the English Japan was derived. The early Mandarin Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In Malay the Chinese word became Japang and was thus encountered by Portuguese traders in Moluccas in the 16th century. It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe. It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan. History Main article: History of Japan People who live in Japan are descendants of those who came from the Asian continent through Sakhalin, Korea and China, especially around Beijing and Shanghai, and from the South by marine route. According to traditional Japanese history, Japan was founded in the 7th century BC by the ancestral Emperor.
José Bové - response, Bove and other Confédération activists dismantled a half-built McDonald's franchise in Millau (Aveyron). Bové was sentenced to three months in prison for his role in the incident. He was imprisoned 44 days, and was finally released on August 01, 2002. His involvement in this incident garnered world attention to himself and his causes. Since then, he has redoubled his efforts in the world peasant and anti-globalization movements. He was present at the 1999 protests of the World Trade Organization in Seattle; In 2001, he took part in a large action destroying genetically modified crops in Brazil. In 2002, he was arrested and deported by Israeli police while protesting in Ramallah against the Israeli military occupation of Palestinian territories; upon his return to France, he was assaulted at Orly Airport by.
Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin - According to legend, Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin was an indigenous Mexican that had a vision of the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Guadalupe. He was canonised in the Catholic Church on July 31, 2002, becoming the first indigenous American Catholic saint. Statue of San Juan Diego Church of San Juan Bautista, Coyoacán, DF Juan Diego, according to the story generally accepted by Catholics, was born in 1474 to a peasant family in the Chichimeca nation. His birth name, "Cuauhtlatoatzin", is in the Nahuatl language and has been translated as "Who Talks like an Eagle". He was born and grew up in Cuahtitlán, a city in the Aztec Empire, about 20 kilometres north of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). The date of Cuauhtlataotzin's conversion to Catholicism is variously given as.
Juan de Oñate - attracted most of his followers. He began the expedition in 1598, fording the Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas in May. That summer his party encamped among the Pueblo Indians of northern New Mexico. Oñate soon gained a reputation as a stern ruler, to both his restless Spanish colonists who sought precious metals, and the indigenous people who suddenly found themselves under alien rule. His infamous suppression of the Acoma revolt, in which the left feet of the male captives were amputated by the Spaniards is still bitterly recalled. In 1606, Oñate was recalled to Mexico City for a hearing into his conduct. After finishing plans for the foundation of Santa Fe he resigned his post, was tried, and eventually after delays, he was convicted of cruelty to both Indians and.
Inuit - is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples of the Arctic who descended from the Thule. The Inuit Circumpolar Conference defines its constitutency to include Canadian Inuit and Inuvialuit, Greenland's Kalaallit people, Alaska's Inupiat and Yupik people, and Russian Yupik. Canadian Inuit live primarily in Nunavut, Nunavik (a region in northern Quebec defined by the James Bay Agreement) and in Nunatsiavut (a region in Labrador whose borders are yet to be fixed.) The Inuvialuit live primarily in the Mackenzie River delta, on Banks Island and part of Victoria Island in the Northwest Territories. There have been Inuit settlements in Yukon, especially at Herschel Island, but there are none at present. Alaskan Inupiat live on the North Slope of Alaska, while the Yupik live in western Alaska and.
Indo-Aryan languages - Apabhransha was the next modification in the spoken language, in a period broadly lasting from the fifth to the tenth century AD. Increasing numbers of literary texts begin to appear in Apabhransha languages, and the Sravakachar of Devasena (dated to the 930s AD) is now considered to be the first Hindi book. The next major change occurred with the Muslim invasions of India in the 13-16th centuries AD. Under the Mughal empire flourishing, Persian was adopted as the language of Indian government. However, many people felt this to be artificial, and soon Persian, with all its Arabic influences was absorbed into the indigenous Indo-Aryan language, the late Apabhransha or early stabilizing Hindi. While the Hindi-formant Apabhransha may have been the most widespread perhaps, other languages also began to develop from the.
