Inflection - Inflection The change of word form according to grammatical function, which occurs in inflected languages. Inflection is differentiated depending on the class: declension, in which a noun changes due to its grammatical function (number, case, or grammatical gender) conjugation, in which a verb changes according to number, person (subject or object), tense (time), or mood. There are two basic types of inflection: weak: by the addition of affixes and strong: by changing the stem Linguistically, the former is strictly called agglutination, and the latter is the true sense of the word inflection. However, in the popular imagination, agglutination is discarded and the umbrella term inflection used. Words often do not appear in a fundamental form (the word root) except in dictionaries and grammars. A schema of.
Vector potential - measuring capacity (if , then ). (2) (a) it is evident that: the curl measures rotational motion in a circle or a closed loop, (b) it is not so evident that: the curl also measures the speed differential between parallel and adjacent velocities. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 First The Sentence, Then The Evidence 2 Measuring the Speed Differential of Parallel Velocities 3 More Evidence 4 Calculating the Vector Potential 5 Reference First The Sentence, Then The Evidence Let potential A be defined by This vector potential always points downwards (-z direction) but its magnitude is a radial Gaussian function, centered at the z axis, with inflection points around in a circle of radius 1. A points downwards most strongly at the z-axis, and moving away from the z-axis, the magnitude.
Icelandic language - of moderate complexity. While most Western European languages have reduced greatly the extent of inflection, particularly in noun declension, Icelandic retains an inflectional grammar comparable to that of Latin, Ancient Greek, or more closely, Old English. Written Icelandic has changed very little since the Viking era. As a result of this, and of the grammatic similarity between the modern and ancient grammar, modern speakers can still read, more or less, the original sagas and Eddas that were written some eight hundred years ago. This old form of the language is called Old Icelandic, but also commonly equalled to Old Norse (an umbrella term for the common Scandinavian language of the Viking era). Icelandic orthography is notable for its retention of two old letters: þ and ð, representing the voiceless and voiced.
Inflected language - words change form according to grammatical function - this is called inflection. Contrast isolating languages, which present the same information with word order and helper words more often than highly inflected languages do. Often the unmodified word root is a valid word by itself. However, distinguishing helper words from prefixes or suffixes in some languages (such as Japanese) can bring difficulty. Several Native American languages are perhaps the most highly inflected languages known. The Navajo language is famous for its use by the United States during World War II as a spoken code. Other highly inflected languages include Mohawk, Inuktitut and Nahuatl. These languages inflect words to such a degree that a single word is often translated as an entire sentence in most other languages. A Mohawk word often given as.
Infinitive - grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. It is called the "infinitive" because the verb is usually not made "finite", or limited by inflection. In some languages, however, there are inflected forms of the infinitive denoting attributes such as tense. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 English language 2 Germanic languages 3 Romance languages 4 Slavic languages 5 Hebrew language English language By far the most common form of an infinitive in English language is with the preposition "to", such as in "to walk", "to cry", "to eat", "to fear". William Shakespeare used a number of infinitives of this form in one of his most famous soliloquies, the "Soliloquy of Hamlet" "To be or not to be..." "To sleep,.
Hebrew morphology - (e.g. "yom" = "day, "yomayim" = "two days", "yamim" = "days") is never used in the verb system. Usually the person affects the suffix of the verb. Thus "lamadti" means "I learned", "lamadta" means "You (masculine singular) learned", "lamdu" means "they learned". The stem "lamd-" remains constant. The inflection by gender is full; that is, Hebrew distinguishes between "lamadet" (you learned, feminine) and "lamadta" (you learned, masculine). Tense There are three tenses in the indicative mood: the past ("avar"), the present ("hoveh") and the future ("a'tid"). There is no perfect tense, but the perfect aspect can be derived from the context. To emphasize the imperfect/progressive aspect of an action, the auxiliary verb "to be" may be used, as in the English progressive tenses. However, unlike English, this form is only used.
Hebrew grammar - having no systematic ablative, accusative or dative constructs. However inflection does play an important role in the formation of the verbs, nouns and the genitive construct, which is called "smikhut". Words in smikhut are often combined with hyphens. Hebrew has only a definite article, "ha-". It is a contraction of an earlier form, probably *hal, the assymilation of the /l/ being evident in the emphasis that normally follows the article. In smikhut, only the main noun (that is the noun to which the other nouns connect) can receive the article. The two main parts of the Hebrew sentence ("mishpat") are the subject ("nose") and the predicate ("nasu"). They are adjusted to each other in gender and person. Thus, in a sentence "ani okhel", "I eat"/"I am eating", "ani", "I", is the.
Hypercorrection - like octopus; the spurious plural octopi likens the octopus to a number of Latin words that form irregular plurals in -i. (Were there actually a classical plural of octopus, it would be *octopodes.) Platypus, cactus, status, hiatus, rebus, syllabus, mandamus, and caucus are sometimes inflected the same way; none would be inflected that way in Latin or Greek. Virus sometimes gets the even more inappropriate pseudoclassical plural virii, which presumes Latin *virius. All of these words can and should also take the regular English inflection in -es. When pronunciation of learned words goes astray, it is sometimes called a hyperforeignism. Tell people that the -s is silent in Mardi Gras, and they will imagine that it also falls silent in other learned French phrases, and begin to pronounce coup de grâce.
Grammatical mood - of the verb. Because Modern English does not have all of the moods described below and has a very simplified system of verb inflection as well, it is not straightforward to explain the moods in this language. Note too that the exact sense of the moods differ from language to language. Possible moods include indicative, imperative, subjunctive, injunctive, negative and optative. There are other moods too. Some Uralic Samoyedic languages have over ten moods. Grammatical mood should not be confused with grammatical case. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Indicative Mood 2 Imperative Mood 3 Subjunctive Mood 4 Negative Mood 5 Optative Mood Indicative Mood The indicative mood express facts and opinions. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is reading". Imperative Mood The.
Grammatical gender - belong to several classes at once (Definition from Hockett, 1958, p.231). All nouns belong to a specific gender, which affects the inflection of the word and, usually, adjectives that modify it. Noun classes Most Indo-European languages excepting English have a gender system with two or three classes. There are African languages (especially the Bantu languages) which have a higher number of classes. One doesn't use the term gender in that context, the term noun class is used and these classes are usually numbered. In a more general sense gender corresponds to noun classes, a term used in a different linguistic tradition. Indo-European languages In Indo-European languages, genders typically include feminine, masculine and neuter. Latin has these three, but in many of its modern descendants, such as French and Spanish, the neuter.
Grammatical particle - within the sentence, although they may contain inflected elements, such as "were". Also the so-called tag questions, such as "isn't it(?)", "won't he(?)", "doesn't it(?)", etc. which generally go at the end of the sentence, fall under this category, in that they have a reinforcing or reassuring function, or a sentence connection function, or even indicate the mood of attitude of the speaker/narrator. Also, words such as "the" (the articles with noun); the "to" (in infinitives) and the determiners "more", "most", "less", "least" (in comparatives and superlatives should be regarded as particles as they themselves are not inflected, but belong to other words that are. Yet it must be conceded that they are not isolated in the way particles normally are, since they are part of an over-all grammatical inflection. However,.
Fermat's principle - media, or undergoing total internal reflection. It can be used to derive Snell's Law. The modern, full version of Fermat's Principle states that the optical path length must be extremal, which means that it can be either minimal or maximial. Maxima occur in gravitational lensing) and at points of inflection..
Finnish language spoken - pejorative sense in talking about people as 'it', unlike in English [Actually there is. People just usually don't mind because using "hän" sounds overly fancy and fine to many. Finns have deep hate toward nobility perhaps from the times of Swedish oppression.]: hän -> se he -> ne Verbs As noted in the Finnish grammar page, the passive form is normally used in speech for first-person plural. This happens in all tenses, and also for the conditional: 'me olemme olleet lomalla' = 'we have been on holiday' -> 'me on oltu lomalla', 'me ollaan oltu lomalla' In the latter case the 'me' is obligatory, whereas it is not in the 'proper' case since the verb's inflection indicates the person and number. The third-person singular form of the present tense is often.
Finnish language grammar - referent nouns are. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Personal pronouns 2 Demonstrative Pronouns 3 Interrogative Pronouns 4 Relative Pronouns 5 Reciprocal Pronouns 6 Reflexive Pronouns 7 Indefinite Pronouns 8 Cases 8.1 Grammatical Cases 8.2 Locative Cases 8.2.1 Internal Locatives 8.2.2 External Locatives 8.3 Marginal Cases 8.4 Others 8.5 Plurals 8.6 Inflection of pronouns 8.7 Noun/adjective stem types 8.7.3 Vowel stems 8.7.4 Consonant stems 8.7.5 -nen nouns 8.7.6 -e nouns 9 Adjectives 9.8 Comparative formation 9.9 Superlative formation 9.10 Irregular forms 10 Postpositions and prepositions 10.11 Postpositions 10.12 Prepositions 11 Verb forms 11.13 Tenses 11.14 Voices 11.14.7 Passive voice 11.15 Moods 11.15.8 Indicative 11.15.9 Conditional 11.15.10 Imperative 11.15.11 Potential 11.16 Infinitives 11.16.12 First infinitive 11.16.13 Second infinitive 11.16.14 Third infinitive 11.16.15 Fourth infinitive 11.16.16 Fifth infinitive 11.17 Verb Conjugation 11.17.17 Type I.
Fusional language - synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by its use of fewer morphemes for inflection or by its tendency to "squish together" many morphemes in a way which can be difficult to decode. The canonical examples of fusional languages are Latin and German. Most European languages are relatively fusional. Esperanto, which is a construction language based in part on many European languages, is a particularly clean and simple example of a fusional language. A good illustration of fusionality in language is the Latin word amo, "I love". The ending -o denotes indicative mood, first person, singular, present tense. Changing any of these features requires replacement of the suffix -o with something else..
Future tense - in the future. Future tense in English In English, as in most Germanic languages, there is no future tense in the sense of a specific inflection that marks a verb for futurity after the fashion of the markers that appear in the preterite forms of the past tense. Rather, the future tense is marked by the use of a number of auxiliary verbs. The verb shall formerly appeared as a future tense marker. It is now obsolescent in that function, but appears in a desiderative function with subjunctive force in legal ordinances and similar documents: Each animal carried in an aircraft shall be confined in a container. . . and in strong declarations of intent or resolve: (W)e shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we.
Elative case - off of") Other meanings The term elative can also refer to the form of an adjective or adverb that indicates a global maximum, e.g. "the most beautiful woman on earth". Although the meaning differs from that of the superlative, both forms look identical in English. Other languages might use different inflection rules..
Dutch grammar - huis - a house huizen - houses Pronouns On the other hand, Dutch preserves relics of the old Germanic noun case system in its pronouns. The full set of cases are listed below; note that there is no distinction in number for the second person pronoun. Person: 1st singular 3rd singular 1st plural 3rd plural 2nd interrogative Nominative ik hij, ie, ze, zij, het, 't we ze, zij jullie wie Accusative me, mij hem, 'm, haar, d'r, het, 't ons hen jij wie Genitive mijn zijn, z'n, haar, d'r ons, onze hun jouw, je wiens, wier Dative mij, me zijn, haar, het ons hun jou, je wien The genitive also applies to nouns: Without an article, all nouns get -s, and the adjectives get -e for mascular and feminine. This is.
Distinguishing accents in English - is saft [soft] in the jed [head]). Northern English/Liverpool The tongue is swallowed, cutting off nasal passages and making speech sound as if the speaker has a cold. "th" is often pronounced as "d", for example "there" becomes "dere" usage "oarite dere la!" ("all right there, lad!") distinctive rolling "ck" sound from the Welsh influence, sounds like the speaker is clearing their throat! usage:"gerr off me backk will yer!" "arr, ey!" distinctive sound of a disappointed Scouser, Northern English/Yorkshire The "u" sound is pronounced like the standard English "oo", so "luck" is pronounced (in SAMPA) lUk. The difference between the Yorkshire Pronunciation of "look" and "luck" is difficult to hear, the "look" vowel being slightly longer in duration and tending towards the SAMPA lyk pronunciation. Shortening of "the" to "t", as.
Derivation (linguistics) - they can also modify the meaning (c.f. the derivational prefix un- which applies to adjectives, healthy > unhealthy). In many cases, they change both (modernize, "to make modern"). Note that derivational affixes are bound morphemes. In that, derivation differs from compounding, where free morphemes are combined. It also differs from inflection in that inflection does not change a word's syntactic category and does not create new lexemes, but new word forms. For other processes of word formation, cf. conversion and compounding..
