Instructional capital - Instructional capital Instructional capital is encoded symbolic know-how that persons, communities, organizations and software exploit to predict, or avoid future events they deem not desirable, or create those they desire. It is inherently shared, predictable, and empirical. Many people or machines can read it, test it, use it, and in many cases, they can change or challenge it. Patent or non-fiction copyright laws provide a means of protection for such shared instructions when compiled and registered according to the instructions of the law itself. Law may itself be the best example of instructional capital. As a capital asset, the Wikipedia article database itself is most reasonably considered a piece of instructional capital. When separated from the individual and social context of its users and contributors, e.g..
Individual capital - Individual capital Individual capital refers to inalienable or personal traits of persons, tied to their bodies and available only through their own free will, such as skill, creativity, enterprise, courage, capacity for moral example, non-communicable wisdom, invention or empathy, non-transferable personal trust and leadership. It was recognized as an intangible quality of persons in economics back to at least Adam Smith. He distincted it (as "enterprise") from labour (economics) which can be coerced and is usually seen as strictly imitative (learned or transmitted, via such means as apprenticeship). Marxist economics refers instead to "an individuals social capital - individuals are sources neither of creativity and innovation, nor management skill. A problem with that analysis is that it simply cannot explain the substitution problem and lack of demand.
Intellectual capital - Intellectual capital Intellectual capital is a term with various definitions in different theories of economics. Accordingly its only truly neutral definition is as a debate over economic "intangibles". Ambiguous combinations of instructional capital and individual capital employed in productive enterprise are usually what is meant by the term, when it is used to actually refer to a capital asset whose yield is intellectual rights. Such use is rare, however, and the term rarely or never appears in accounting proper - it refers to a debate, and to the assumed capital base that creates intellectual property, rather than an auditable style of capital. Perhaps due to their industry focus, the term "intellectual capital" is employed mostly by theorists in information technology, innovation research, technology transfer and other fields.
Human capital - Human capital Human capital refers, in macro-economics, to the capacity of a workforce to yield financial capital, in parallel to the way physical capital yields goods. Some economic system theories refer to it as labour, one of three factors of production, and considered it to be a commodity - easily interchangeable. Other analyses, for instance in human development theory, differentiate social trust (social capital), sharable knowledge (instructional capital), and the individual leadership and creativity (individual capital) as three distinct capacities of a human applying him or her self in economic activity. The term human capital thus refers to ambiguous combinations of these, and interactions with the welfare, education and health care systems can be modelled even past retirement - where, according to classical and neoclassical analysis, human.
Financial capital - Financial capital Financial capital, or economic capital, is any liquid medium or mechanism that represents wealth, i.e. other styles of capital. A contract regarding any combination of capital asset is called a financial instrument, and may serve as a medium of exchange, standard of deferred payment, unit of account, or store of value Liquidity requirements of these vary significantly - leading to a diversity of contracts and financial markets to trade them on. When all four functions are served by one instrument, this is called money, which does not need to be traded on financial markets since the risk of loss of value of money is uniform across the whole society. Where no one form of money is agreed to have reliable value, and barter is undesirable,.
Capitalism - the formation and trade in ownership of corporations (see corporate personhood and companies) for buying and selling goods, especially capital goods (including land and labor), in a relatively free (meaning, free from state control) market competing (and contentious) theories that developed in the 19th century, in the context of the industrial revolution, and 20th century, in the context of the Cold War, meant to justify the private ownership of capital, to explain the operation of such markets, and to guide the application or elimination of government regulation of property and markets and beliefs about the advantages of such practices. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Etymology 2 Capitalism as an economic system 3 Characteristics of Capitalist Economies 3.1 Economic Growth 3.2 Distribution of Wealth 3.3 Evolving Network Structure 3.4 Unknown/Unapproved Direction of.
Capital (economics) - Capital (economics) Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. In finance and accounting, capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business. It is assumed that other styles of capital, e.g. physical capital, can be acquired with money, so there is little need for any further analysis. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Capital in classical economic theory 2 Broadening the definition of capital 3 See also Capital in classical economic theory In classical economics, capital is one of three factors of production, the others being land and labour. Goods with the following features are capital: It can be used in the production of other goods (this is what makes it a factor of production). It.
Ingenuity - analysis of Thomas Homer-Dixon, building on that of Richard Romer, to refer to what is usually called instructional capital. Ingenuity is often inherent in creative individuals, and thus is considered hard to separate from individual capital. It is not clear if Dixon or Romer considered it impossible to do so, or if they were simply not familiar with the prior analysis of "applied ideas", "intellectual capital", "talent", or "innovation" where instructional and individual contributions have been carefully separated, by economic theorists. See also: ingenuity gap, instructional capital.
Intellectual rights - term sometimes used to refer to the legal protection afforded to owners of intellectual capital. This notion is more commonly referred to as "intellectual property", though "intellectual rights" more aptly describes the nature of the protections afforded by most nations. Both terms were used in Europe during the 19th century as a means of distinguishing between two different views of intellectual protection. "Intellectual property" was generally used to advocate a belief that copyrights and patents should provide rights akin to physical property rights. The term "intellectual rights" was used by those who felt that such protection should take the form of temporary, limited grants. Although most modern copyright systems do not treat copyrighted or patented materials in the same way as real property, the term "intellectual property" has gained prominence. For.
Industrial ecology - of industrial process from open loop systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes. Industrial ecology was proposed in 1989 in Scientific American by Robert Frosch. Frosch vision was "why would not our industrial system behave like an ecosystem, where the wastes of a species may be resource to another species? Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another, thus reducing use of raw materials, pollution, and saving on waste treatment?". Industrial ecology proposes not to see industrial systems (for example a plant, an ecoregion, or national or global economy) as being separate from the biosphere, but to consider it as a particular case of an ecosystem -.
Human development theory - that comes at the expense of human health. However, it goes further in seeking not only to measure but to optimize well-being by some explicit modelling of how social capital and instructional capital can be deployed to optimize the overall value of human capital in an economy - which is itself part of an ecology. The role of individual capital within that ecology, and the adaptation of the individual to live well within it, is a major focus of these theories. The most notable proponent of human development theory is Amartya Sen, who asked, in Development as Freedom, "what is the relationship between our wealth and our ability to live as we would like?" This question cannot be answered strictly from an energy, feminist, family, environmental health, peace, social justice, or.
Green economics - neoclassical methods in its subfields environmental finance, Natural Capitalism, measuring well-being and sustainable development. The green economists share broader ecological and social concerns with capitalism itself. - and seek a new political economy entirely, with one commonly shared objective being to reform instruments of money supply, aligning inflation rates (which set the value of money itself) to ecological and social criteria to overcome "the three deficits: environment, social, and financial." Tendencies and factions Various subgroups of these economists avoid the label green or Green in part to avoid association with political Green Parties and their broader goals. Often these use the older terms environmental economics or resource economics which emphasized the now-mainstream goal of economic sustainability and treating so-called "natural resources" as full "natural capital". This article covers those who have.
Guild - key activity, and a knowledge industry as presently understood began to evolve. By the beginning of the 9th century, paper had become the standard medium of written communication, and most warraqeen were engaged in paper-making, book-selling, and taking the dictation of authors, to whom they were obligated to pay royalties on works, and who had final discretion on the contents. As the standard means of presentation of a new work was its public dictation in the mosque or madrassah, in front of many scholars and students, a high degree of professional respect was required to ensure that other warraqeen did not simply make and sell copies, or that authors did not lose faith in the warraqeen or this system of publication. This was an early guild. This publication industry that spanned.
Factors of production - - naturally occurring goods such as soil and minerals. Labor - human effort used in production. Capital - goods which are used in the production of other goods, such as machinery, tools and buildings. These were codified originally in the analyses of Adam Smith, 1776, David Ricardo, 1817, and the later contributions of John Stuart Mill as part of one of the first coherent theories of production. In the classical analysis, capital was generally viewed as being physical items such as tools and machinery. More modern analysis often distinguishes this physical capital from other forms of capital such as human capital. Some economists mention enterprise, individual capital or just "leadership" as a fourth factor. The classical theory, further developed, remains useful to the present day as a basis of microeconomics. Alternative.
Ecovillage - similar to that of Ten Thousand Villages, which supports the fair trade of goods worldwide. The principles on which ecovillages rely can be applied to urban (see cohousing) and to rural settings, as well as to developing and developed countries. Advocates seek infrastructural independence and a sustainable lifestyle (for example, of voluntary simplicity) for inhabitants with a minimum of trade outside the local area, or ecoregion. Rural ecovillages are usually based on organic farming, permaculture and other approaches which promote ecosystem function and biodiversity. An ecovillage usually relies on: "Green" infrastructural capital; autonomous building or clustered housing, to minimize ecological footprint; renewable energy; permaculture; cohousing or other forms of supportive community. Its organization also usually depends upon some instructional capital or moral codes - a minimal civics sometimes characterized as eco-anarchism:.
Bioneer - biodiversity, conserve habitat for wild species, and practice precision agriculture. There is a regular conference for them to exchange practices, models and terminology - instructional capital - and meet each other - social capital. It cuts across a fairly wide range of activities, mostly concerned with reclamation of space, for example, replanting the margins of highways with guerilla gardening, permanent street reclaiming, etc. There is a fair bit of Gaia philosophy, green politics and green economics thrown in, but there is no one unifying intellectual thread that all bioneers follow. See also: Water Keeper, Wild Green, terrist.
Brain drain - Brain drain A brain drain or human capital flight is a departure of trained and talented individuals for other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflict or lack of opportunity or health hazards where they are living. It parallels the term "capital flight" which refers to financial capital which is no longer invested in the country where its owner lives and earned it. Investment in higher education is lost when the trained individual leaves, usually not to return. Also whatever social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced by their departure. Historically, the greatest brain drains have been from rural to urban areas. In the 19th century and 20th century there were great migrations to North America from Europe, and in modern times, from developing nations to developed nations..
Cognitive bias - or unconscious. Assigning all freedom of choice to the observer and none to the observed has been a common theme, and error, in all science prior to the 20th century. Finally, there are notation problems. Aside from the neutrality of math as studied in the philosophy of mathematics, there are many shallow disputes: For example, a quite different ontology problem identified by anti-reductionist physics is that there is just as much legitimacy describing the bonds or collections between particles as the first-class objects, as there is in the particle physics model composed of particles. Ontological ("what exists") and epistemological ("how you know") concerns often overlap, as they do in theology and philosophy where the terms originate - but descriptions of relations between cognitive bias, culture bias, and notation bias are as.
Credit - As a financial term, used in such terms as credit card, it refers to the granting of a loan and the creation of debt. Any movement of financial capital is normally quite dependent on credit, which in turn is dependent on the reputation or creditworthiness of the entity which takes responsiblity for the funds. See also credit repair. A similar usage is in commercial trade, where credit is used to refer to the approval for delayed payments for goods purchased. In accounting In accounting, credit refers to that part of double entry bookkeeping that mirrors debits. In non-fiction writing In non-fiction writing, especially academic works, it is generally considered important to give credit to sources of information and ideas. Failure to do so often gives rise to charges of plagiarism, and.
Self-governance - militaries (see Uniform Code of Military Justice) a means of selecting or electing leaders, e.g. a voting system, gang wars, identification of divinely selected individuals (e.g. Dalai Lama discovery). a means of controlling parties, factions, tendencies or other sub-groups that seek to break away and form new entities that would compete with the group or organization that already exists. Some degree of consensus decision making is usually involved in any self-governance system, if only because individual members of the group may choose to violate the criteria for invoking outside authority, break the code of silence, or otherwise cause the group to lose its autonomy. For instance, any member of the mafia can, and many do, "rat" (inform) on their colleagues, gaining a new identity, e.g. via the FBI Witness protection program.
