Integer BASIC programming language - Integer BASIC programming language Integer BASIC was the BASIC interpreter that was included in the ROM of the Apple II computer when it was released in 1977, and as such was the first version of BASIC that was used by the first wave of home computer users and programmers. It was written by Steve Wozniak. Thousands of programs were written in Integer BASIC for commercial and private use. The most frequently cited flaw of Integer BASIC was, as one might expect from the name, that its variables were all integers and it was very difficult to write a program that could do calculations using floating point numbers. It was therefore very difficult to write financial or math programs. Apple Computer licensed a more full-featured version of.
Applesoft BASIC programming language - Applesoft BASIC programming language The first BASIC dialect on the Apple II computer was Integer BASIC, coded and hand-assembled by Steve Wozniak, one of the founders of Apple Computer. It could only handle numbers between -32767 and 32767 and had some limitations with respect to string arrays, but it was fast. Enter Bill Gates and Microsoft. Apple was looking for a new version of BASIC for the Apple II Plus computer with 48 KB of RAM. After their success with Altair BASIC, Microsoft was the BASIC vendor of choice at the time; Apple licensed a 10 KB assembly language version of BASIC called "Applesoft." It was similar to BASIC implementations on other 6502-based computers: it used line numbers, spaces were not necessary in lines, plus it had.
BASIC09 programming language - BASIC09 programming language BASIC09 is a structured BASIC dialect developed by Microware for the then-new Motorola 6809 CPU. Somewhat in the fashion of UCSD Pascal it was implemented via 'compilation' into an intermediate representation. The language processor turned BASIC09 source code into a tokenized, optimized, bytecode, called I-code in the BASIC09 literature. If that bytecode version of the source were saved (called packing), it could also be executed by a much more compact version of the interpreter, called RunB (no editor, no prettyprinter, no extraneous information included for human convenience, no debugger, ...). BASIC09 provided very impressive features for its time (it was first available in 1980), and most especially for its memory requirements. It was also fast, in comparison with nearly all other BASICs. Most of.
Eiffel programming language - Eiffel programming language Eiffel is an object-oriented (OO) programming language which emphasizes the production of robust software. Many find its syntax to be reminiscent of Pascal. Eiffel is strongly statically typed, with automatic memory management (typically implemented by garbage collection). Created in 1985, Eiffel is a mature OO language with development systems available from four different suppliers. Despite this maturity and a generally excellent reputation among those who are familiar with the language, Eiffel has failed to gain much interest from software developers. The reasons for this lack of interest are unclear, and are a topic of frequent discussion within the Eiffel community. Distinguishing characteristics of Eiffel include Design by Contract™, liberal use of implementation inheritance including multiple inheritance, value types implemented via value semantics, and generic.
Python programming language - Python programming language Python is an interpreted, interactive programming language created by Guido van Rossum, originally as a scripting language for Amoeba OS capable of making system calls. Python is often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme, Java and Ruby. Python is currently (December 2003) at version 2.3.3. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Philosophy 2 Data types and structures 2.1 Collection types 2.2 Object system 3 Syntax 3.3 Syntactical significance of whitespace 3.4 Functional programming 3.4.1 Lambda 3.4.2 Generators 3.5 Logical operators x">4 5 and 3 are true, one would write "x 4.6 Object-oriented programming 4.7 Exception handling 5 Standard library 6 Other features 7 Neologisms 8 Platforms 9 Miscellany 10 External Links Philosophy Python is a multi-paradigm language, like Perl and unlike Smalltalk or Haskell. This means.
X86 assembly language - X86 assembly language Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 x86 PC assembly tutorial 2 Basic information 3 Assembly in real mode 3..1 The mnemonics used in real mode x86-assembly 3..2 The real mode addressing model 3..3 the PC memory layout 3..4 Interrupts in real mode 3..5 Example code 4 Protected Mode x86 PC assembly tutorial This is a tutorial, not a complete scientific description of how the x86 processor works. This text is intended for those who want to gain a insight into programming real assembly language. Because the x86 processors are so common, most of you should be able to assemble most of the code that you find in this tutorial at your own computer. This tutorial uses standard Intel syntax, not AT&T syntax in which most Linux.
Microsoft GW-BASIC interpreter - Microsoft GW-BASIC interpreter GW-BASIC (GW meaning Graphics Workstation or more amusingly 'gee-whiz') was a dialect of BASIC developed by Microsoft, originally for Compaq. It is compatible with Microsoft's/IBM's BASICA, but was disk based and did not require the resources of the ROM included on IBM's machines. It was bundled with with MS-DOS operating systems on IBM PC compatibles by Microsoft. Like other early microcomputer versions of BASIC, GW-BASIC lacked many of the structures needed for structured programming such as local variables, and GW-BASIC programs executed relatively slowly, due to the fact that it was an interpreted programming language. It did have a large number of graphics commands. Still, it had enough flexibilty to allow one to write simple games, business programs and the like. Since it was available.
Java Database Connectivity - Database Connectivity, or JDBC, is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational databases. The Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition includes the JDBC API together with an ODBC implementation of the API enabling connections to any relational database that supports ODBC. This driver is native code and not Java. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Types of Drivers 2 Overview of the API 3 Example 4 Additional Resources Types of Drivers There are commercial and free drivers available for most relational database servers. These drivers fall into one of the following types: Type 1 driver Type 2 driver Type 3 driver Type 4 driver Overview of the API.
Datatype - Datatype Editorial note: programming language also has discussion of type system. In computer science, a datatype (often simply called type) is a statically assigned constraint on a programming language phrase that denotes the kinds of values it may take on and gives it certain semantic meaning for the purposes of preventing errors, building abstractions, documenting the program, and gaining some measure of runtime safety and efficiency. A type system provides a method for reasoning about program behavior based on type rules, which specify the ways in which typed program phrases can legally interact. The study of type systems is known as type theory. Programming languages which provide type systems are known as typed languages. Although the majority of programming languages are typed, some, known as untyped languages, do not.
ANSI C standard library - at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During the 1970s the C programming language became increasingly popular. Many universities and organizations began creating their own variations of the language for their own projects. By the beginning of the 1980s compatibility problems between the various C implementations became apparent. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee to establish a standard implementation of C known as "ANSI C". Part of the resulting standard was a set of software libraries called the ANSI C standard library. The ANSI C standard library consists of 18 C header files which can be included into a programmer's project with a single statement. Each header file contains one or more functions, function prototypes, data type definitions and macros. The contents.
Apple DOS - Apple II computer. DOS 3.0 was never publicly released as it had some remaining bugs. DOS 3.1 was largely written by Steve Wozniak, Randy Wigginton, and outside contractor Paul Laughton. DOS 3.1 was largely tied to the Integer BASIC programming language. DOS 3.1 lacked any sort of official documentation from Apple, much to the dismay of many programmers. Apple DOS 3.2 was released in 1979 to reflect major changes in computer booting methods that were built into the successor of the Apple II, the Apple II Plus. Instead of the original Integer BASIC, the newer AppleSoft BASIC was written into the ROM of the II+. Also, the new ROM had an updated computer reset function, which started automatically when the II+ was powered up. Apple DOS 3.3 was released in 1980..
Compiler optimization - original code. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Problems with Optimization 2 Types of Optimizations 3 Factors affecting optimization 4 Intended use of the generated code 5 Optimization techniques 5.1 Common Themes 5.2 Optimization techniques 5.2.1 Loop Optimizations 5.2.2 Data-flow Optimizations 5.2.3 SSA-based Optimizations 5.2.4 Back End Optimizations 5.2.5 Functional Language Optimizations 5.2.6 Other Optimizations 6 Links Problems with Optimization Further problems with optimizing compilers are: Usually, an optimizing compiler simply takes the intermediate representation of a program code and replaces it with a better version. In other words, high-level redundancy in the source program (such as an inefficient algorithm) remains unchanged. Modern third-party compilers usually have to support several objectives. In so doing, these compilers are the jack of all trades yet the master of none. A compiler typically only deals.
Zero - use of zero in mathematics 3 Computer science 3.2 Counting from 1 or 0? 3.3 Distinguishing Zero from O 3.4 "Zero" as a verb 4 See also 5 References History The numeral or digit zero is used in numeral systems, where the position of a digit signifies its value. Successive positions of digits have higher values, so the digit zero is used to skip a position and give appropriate value to the preceding and following digits. By about 300 BCE, the Babylonians had started to use a basic numeral system and were using two slanted wedges to mark an empty space. However, this symbol did not have any true function other than to be a placeholder. The use of zero as a number unto itself was a relatively late addition to.
SECD machine - a highly influential virtual machine intended as a target for functional programming language compilers. The letters stand for Stack, Environment, Code, Dump, the internal registers of the machine. These registers point to linked lists in memory. The machine was the first to be specifically designed to evaluate lambda calculus expressions. It was originally described by Peter J. Landin as part of his ISWIM programming language definition in 1963. However it is best known in connection with Peter Henderson's Lispkit Lisp compiler which has been distributed since 1980. Since then it has been used as the target for several other experimental compilers. In 1989 researchers at the University of Calgary worked on a hardware implementation of the machine. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Registers and Memory 2 Instructions 3 Further Reading Registers.
Numeral system - came into common use in the 1500s. The Incan Empire ran a large command economy using quipu, tallies made by knotting colored fibers. Knowledge of the encodings of the knots and colors was suppressed by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century, and has not survived although simple quipu-like recording devices are still used in the Andean region. Some authorities believe that positional arithmetic began with the wide use of the abacus in China. The earliest written positional records seem to be tallies of abacus results in China around 400. In particular, zero was correctly described by Chinese mathematicians around 932, and seems to have originated as a circle of a place empty of beads. From China, both the abacus and written tallies may have moved to India, perhaps via Chinese.
MIPS architecture - The latest of these, MIPS 32/64 defines a control register set as well as the instruction set. Several "add-on" extensions are also available, including MIPS-3D which is a simple set of integer-based SIMD instruction set dedicated to common 3D tasks, MDMX which is a more extensive floating-point-based SIMD instruction set, MIPS16 which adds compression to the instruction stream to make programs take up less room, and the recent addition of MIPS MT, new multithreading additions to the system similar to HyperThreading in the latest Intel lineup. Because the designers created such a clean instruction set (see Instructions), computer architecture courses in universities and technical schools often study the MIPS architecture. The design of the MIPS CPU family, together with SPARC, another early RISC architecture, greatly influenced later RISC designs like HP.
List of programmers - Macintosh and Newton John Carmack - first person shooters Doom, Quake Steve Chamberlain - BFD, Cygwin Brian Collins - a developer of Feejt Patrick Collison - author of Isaac Alan Cox - a developer of the Linux kernel Brad Cox - Objective-C Ward Cunningham - inventor of the WikiWiki concept Dave Cutler - architect of Windows NT, VMS D L. Peter Deutsch - Ghostscript Edsger Dijkstra - ALGOL, Shortest Path First, 'GOTO considered harmful' E F Jay Fenlason - original hack, GAS G Bill Gates - Altair BASIC, Apple II BASIC, founded Microsoft John Gilmore - GDB James Gosling - Java, Gosling Emacs, NeWS Paul Graham - Yahoo! Store, On Lisp, ANSI Common Lisp Ralph Griswold - co-creator of SNOBOL and creator of Icon programming language. H Cecil Hastings - wrote.
List of operating systems - development project by Bell Labs, GE, and MIT) Early Proprietary Microcomputer OS Apple Computer (inital version was ROM'd firmware together with Integer BASIC; later versions included a MIcrosoft BASIC) Business Operating System (BOS) - cross platform, command-line based Commodore PET, Commodore 64, and Commodore VIC-20, The very first IBM-PC (3 OS offered to start, USCD P-system, CPM-86, PC-DOS) Sinclair Micro and QX, etc TRS-DOS, ROM OS's (largely Microsoft BASIC implementations with file system extensions) TI99-4 Flex (by Technical Systems Consultants for Motorola 6800 based microcomputers: SWTPC, Tano, Smoke Signal Broadcasting, Gimix, etc) FLEX9 (by TSC for Motorola 6809 based micros) mini-FLEX (by TSC for 5.25" disks on 6800 based machines) Unix-like and other POSIX compliant systems AIX (Unix from IBM) AtheOS (continued under the Syllable code-fork) A/UX (Unix-based Apple OS from.
List of mathematical topics - value -- Absorption law -- Abstract algebra -- Abstract interpretation -- Abstract structure -- Abundance -- Abundant number -- Acceleration -- Acceptance angle -- Ackermann function -- Ackermann, Wilhelm -- Ackermann steering geometry -- Active and passive transformation -- Actuarial science -- Addition -- Addition in N -- Additive category -- Additive function -- Additive functor -- Additive inverse -- Adele ring -- Adjacency list -- Adjacency matrix -- Adjoint functors -- Adjoint representation -- Adjugate -- Advanced Encryption Standard -- AES -- Affine -- Affine geometry -- Affine group -- Affine representation -- Affine scheme -- Affine space -- Affine transformation -- Agnesi, Maria Gaetana -- Ahlfors, Lars Valerian -- Ahmes -- Airy function -- AKS primality test -- Aleph-null -- Aleph-one -- Algebra -- Algebra over a field --.
List of standards topics - date - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A AAC -- acre -- Advanced Encryption Standard -- ampere -- angstrom -- ANSI -- ANSI C standard library -- ASCII -- ASN.1 -- avoirdupois -- B barcode -- BASIC programming language -- bit -- board-foot -- British Standards Institute -- British thermal unit -- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) -- bushel -- Business -- C C programming language -- cable length -- caesium -- calorie -- candela -- capacitance -- CCITT -- CD-ROM -- Celsius --.
