International relations theory - International relations theory This article should be merged with international relations. There are excellent books that are worth having a look to get a good overview: James E. Dougherty and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr, “Contending Theories of International Relations" (New York: Longman, 2001 for the fifth edition) is very well regarded and often shows up on graduate students' reading lists. It provides a solid overview of the field. Martin Hollis; Steve Smith, (1991), Explaining and understanding International Relations, CUP. There is an overview about the growth of the discipline and how the theories reflect the time in which they were made. Also lots of literature for further reading given. A kind of goldmine that is also written very well. While this book provides an excellent grounding.
International relations - International relations The academic field of International Relations is an area of knowledge based on political science, law, economy, sociology, philosophy, and other social sciences, prominent since the end of the World War II. Traditionally, it treats mostly the relations between national states, but larger states, International Organizations and non-state actors on the international arena, like non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations are also considered in the sphere of International Relations. According to US scholars, there are two main approaches to the field of International Relations. The first is the "Realist" or "Pragmatist" approach. This claims that conflict is inevitable and that the best way to approach international relations is to be prepared to engage in conflicts – and win. The second approach is the "Structuralist" approach.
International law - International law International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. It sub-divides into "public international law", and "private international law". When used without an adjective, "international law" generally refers to "public international law", and this article concentrates on that meaning. Traditionally, international law had states as its sole subjects. With the proliferation over the last century of international organizations, they have been recognized as its subjects as well. More recent developments in international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international trade law (e.g. NAFTA Chapter 11 actions) have led to individuals and corporations being increasingly seen as subjects of international law as well, something which goes against the traditional legal orthodoxy. Since international law increasingly governs much.
Foreign relations of New Zealand - Foreign relations of New Zealand New Zealand's foreign policy is oriented chiefly toward developed democratic nations and emerging Pacific economies. The country's major political parties have generally agreed on the broad outlines of foreign policy, and the current coalition government has been active in multilateral fora on issues of recurring interest to New Zealand--trade liberalization, disarmament, and arms control. New Zealand values the United Nations and its participation in that organization. It also participates in the World Trade Organization (WTO); World Bank; International Monetary Fund (IMF); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developmen (OECD); International Energy Agency; Asian Development Bank; South Pacific Forum; The Pacific Community; Colombo Plan; Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC); INTELSAT; and the International Whaling Commission. New Zealand also is an active member of the.
Foreign relations of China - Foreign relations of China This article is on the foreign relations of Mainland China. See also: Foreign relations of Taiwan, Foreign relations of Hong Kong, and Foreign relations of Macau. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Goals of Chinese Foreign Policy 2 Institutions of Chinese Foreign Policy 3 History of Chinese Foreign Policy 3.1 Imperial China 3.2 Republican China 3.3 Communist China 4 Modern foreign policy 5 International disputes 6 Related articles Goals of Chinese Foreign Policy Although, China has undergone some radicial upheavals over the past two centuries, there are continuities within Chinese foreign policy that extent back to the Qing dynasty and the Opium Wars. The goal of foreign policy within the People's Republic of China is to create a strong, powerful, and united China which.
Reciprocal System of Theory - Reciprocal System of Theory The Reciprocal System of Theory (RST) is held by advocates to be a theoretical framework capable of comprehensively explaining all physical phenomena from subatomic particles to galactic clusters. The framework, based on the work of Dewey B. Larson, an American engineer and author, was originally described in his book The Structure of the Physical Universe in 1959 and has more recently been published in three revised and enlarged volumes. The ideas are promoted by the members of 'The International Society of Unified Science, Inc.' (ISUS) whose only stated objective is to "advance in all ways deemed feasible the Reciprocal System of physical theory as proposed by Dewey B. Larson". The RST and the work of Larson assumes that the basic constituent of the universe.
Power (international) - Power (international) In the context of International relations and diplomacy power is the ability of one state to influence or control otehrs. States with this ability are sometimes called Powers. In the field of political theory, Niccolo Machiavelli theorised early and influentially on the mechanisms of gaining and retaining political power, publishing The Prince in 1513. Power is usually defined as the ability to impose one's will on others, or to pursue one's interests on the expense of others'. Violence or other kinds of force, or the threat of such force, can be used to exercise power (coercion). Political analysis often personifies nation states as powers, discussing superpowers, great powers, second-order powers and "European powers", for example, with convenient simplicity as manifestations of Realpolitik. In Western thought.
Julia Kristeva - Julia Kristeva has become a dominant figure in contemporary critical theory, as well as one of the world's most respected and rigorous intellectuals. Developing her thought by merging various disciplines -- philosophy, linguistics, semiotics, literary theory, psychoanalysis -- Kristeva has continually sought to formulate new modes of critical discourse in order to reflect logic and reality differently. Her principal objects for analysis are modern or modernist (especially avant-garde) literary texts. These preoccupations were first revealed by her activities in conjunction with the Tel Quel group (which also included Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Marcelin Pleynet and Philippe Sollers) which she joined in 1969. This period is represented by works such as Sèméiotikè: Recherches pour une sémanalyse (1969), Le Texte du roman: approche sémiologique d'une structure discursive transformationnelle (1970) and La Révolution du.
Imperialism in Asia - New Imperialism New Imperialism and the emerging empires Social implications Imperialism in Asia Scramble for Africa Imperial rivalry Theories of New Imperialism Accumulation theory World Systems theory The interpretations of recent scholarship Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Background 2 The Partitioning of Asia by the Europeans 3 The British in India 3.1 The collapse of Mughal India and the rise of the British East India Company 3.2 From Company to Crown 3.3 The rise of Indian nationalism 4 France in Indochina 5 Imperialism in China 6 China as an imperialist power 7 Central and Western Asia - The Great Game 8 The United States in Asia 9 World War I: Changes in Imperialism 10 Japan 11 See also: Background Large areas of Asia, as well as Africa and other areas of.
Head of State - Head of State Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta President of the Third French Republic (1875-1879) controversially dissolved parliament in 1877. In practical terms, heads of state fulfil a number of criteria; Chief Diplomatic Officer: He or she accredits his or her country's ambassadors, though sending formal Letters of Credence to other heads of state. Without that accreditation, ipso facto an ambassador does not take up a role and receive diplomatic status. He or she receives Letters of Credence, sent by other heads of state accrediting his/her ambassador to the state. He or she signs international treaties on behalf of the state, or has them signed in his/her name by ministers. Example: under the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany (constitution), Article 59 (1) states - The Federal President shall.
History of Pakistan - Archeological explorations have revealed impressive ruins of a 4,500-year old urban civilization in Pakistan's Indus River valley (see Indus Valley civilization). This civilization declined around 1500-1900 B.C. One major theory is that the Indus Valley civilization was crushed by successive invasions (circa 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C.) of Aryans, Indo-European warrior tribes from the Caucasus region in what is now Russia (see Aryan invasion). The Aryans were followed in 500 B.C. by Persians and, in 326 B.C., by Alexander the Great. The "Gandhara culture" flourished in much of present-day Pakistan. The Indo-Greek descendants of Alexander the Great saw the most creative period of the Gandhara (Buddhist) culture. For 200 years after the Kushan Dynasty was established in A.D. 50, Taxila (near Islamabad) became a renowned center of learning, philosophy, and art..
History of the Republic of Ireland - British House of Commons but who had declined to do so, setting up a rival parliament instead. Though unrecognised internationally, the Irish Republic functioned in a haphazard manner as a rival government with its own prime minister (later upgraded to become President of the Republic) and a cabinet. Its army, the Irish Republican Army, waged a guerrilla war against the British Army and police force, in what came to be known as the Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence). Anglo-Irish Treaty In December 1921, the British Government and Irish Republican plenipotentiaries negotiated a peace treaty, known as the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It created a whole new system of Irish self government, known as dominion status, with a new state, to be called the Irish Free State (in the.
History of the United States (1918-1945) - contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Aftermath of World War I 2 The Roaring 20s 2.1 Prohibition 2.2 The Federal Government in the 1920s 2.3 The Coolidge Years 3 Causes of the Great Depression 3.4 Introduction 3.5 A maldistribution of purchasing power 3.6 A lack of diversification 3.7 The credit structure 3.8 The breakdown of international trade 4 The Roosevelt administration 4.9 The Great Depression and the elections of 1932 5 The First Hundred Days 5.10 The "bank holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act 5.11 The Economy Act 5.12 The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) 5.13 Other initiatives 5.14 The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) 6 Setbacks of Roosevelt's second term 7 The New Deal and the "broker state" 7.15 Government, labor, and business arbitration 7.16 The “broker state” and marginalized interests 8 The New.
History of the United States (1865-1918) - history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction 2 The Gilded Age and the Imperial Republic 2.1 The Industrial Revolution 2.2 Relations with Native Nations 2.3 United States Expansionism 3 The Progressive Era: The Presidencies of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson 3.4 Roots of Progressivism and the Progressive Presidencies 4 World War I 5 Related Topics The Aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction The destructiveness of the Union invasion and defeat of the South, followed by exploitive economic policies in the defeated region after the war, caused lasting bitterness among Southerners toward the U.S. government. This failure of the Federal government to effectively reunite the country contributed to the government's failure for many decades to.
History of Socialism: Part 1 - nothing to sell but their labour. The misery of the industrial workers in the unregulated economies of the early 19th century provoked anger among many observers, and the formulation of socialist doctrines was an attempt to devise a way of producing wealth without such crude exploitation. Of course, many people who were not socialists were also outraged by the plight of the working class. Their response was liberalism: the belief that an enlightened middle class could reform the operations of capitalism so as to produce social justice without infringing on the rights of private property. English thinkers such as John Stuart Mill were at the forefront of this movement. In France in 1830 and in England in 1832, liberal political ideas triumphed, and this did much to take the wind out.
United States Senate - endows the U.S. Senate, in addition to its duty of passing all legislation passed through Congress, with the exclusive responsibility of confirming certain Presidential appointments, particularly federal judges (as part of the system of checks and balances) and ratifying international treaties negotiated by the executive. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the U. S. Capitol building, in Washington, D.C. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Operation 2 Leadership 3 Composition and elections 4 Committees 4.1 Standing Committees of the U.S. Senate 4.2 Joint Committees of Congress 4.3 Special, Select and Other Committees of the U.S. Senate 5 During the 108th Congress (2003-2005) 6 History 7 Senate Salaries 8 External Links Operation The impeachment trial of Bill Clinton (1999). Unlike the United States House of Representatives there are no.
Generating arithmetic - n = 0, 1, 2, ..., n = 0, 1, 2, ..., which generates Natural numbers, for example, S(S(S(S(S(S(S(0))))))) = 7, is implicitly the "begat operation", B(n) = n + 1, wherein the nth generation begats the n + 1 generation, beginning with Adam as n = 0. In the 19th century when the great Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton created the concept and name of vector and generated complex numbers as vectors (ordered pairs) from the real numbers'. This avoided reference to "the square-root of negative one". Perhaps as a correction of the comment of Plato that "God ever geometrizes", C. G. J. Jacobi said, "God ever arithmetizes". By the end of the period under consideration, a settled point of view was thought to have emerged on foundations. At one.
Globalization - activities. Depending on the context it can mean closer contact between different parts of the world (globalization of the world), or increasing relations among members of an industry in different parts of the world (globalization of an industry). It shares a number of characteristics with internationalization and is used interchangeably, although some prefer to use globalization to emphasize the erosion of the nation or national boundaries. Globalization has become identified with a number of trends, most of which have developed since World War II. These include greater international movement of commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology, organizations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement. More specifically, globalization refers to: An increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy Increase.
Gold standard - contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definition 2 Introduction 3 Theory 4 History 4.1 The United States 4.2 United Kingdom 5 Gold as a reserve today 6 Related articles 7 External Links Definition The gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold. Typically under such a system paper money circulates as a medium of exchange but it is covertible into gold on demand. It may be said that the exchange rate between paper money and gold is fixed. When several nations are on a gold standard then the rates of exchange between national currencies effectively becomes fixed. Introduction Britian adopted a gold standard from 1717 and this was replicated across much of the British empire. The USA adobted a gold standard when.
Universal jurisdiction - jurisdiction Universal jurisdiction is a controversial principle in international law whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over persons whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state. According to the proponents of universal jurisdiction, certain crimes pose so serious a threat to the international community as a whole, that any state can ought to be able to prosecute an individual responsible for it; no place should be a safe haven for war criminals and human rights violators. Opponents of the concept, notably Henry Kissinger, argue that pursuit of universal jurisdiction could undermine the goal of justice which proponents seek to achieve. Comparison with other bases of jurisdiction Jurisdiction is most commonly exercised by a State in relation to crimes committed on its territory (territorial jurisdiction). States can also exercise.
