Internet protocol suite - Internet protocol suite The Internet protocol suite is the set of protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs. It is sometimes called the TCP/IP protocol suite, after two of the many protocols that make up the suite: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two defined. The authoritative reference on this subject is RFC 1122. The Internet protocol suite can be described by analogy with the OSI model, which describes the layers of a protocol stack, not all of which correspond well with Internet practice. In a protocol stack, each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the higher layers. Higher layers are logically closer.
Internet control message protocol - Internet control message protocol The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is part of the TCP-IP suite of protocols. ICMP messages are typically generated in response to errors in IP datagrams (as specified in RFC1122) or for diagnostic or routing purposes. Although ICMP messages are contained within standard IP datagrams, ICMP messages are usually processed as a special case distinguished from normal IP processing, rather than processed as a normal sub-protocol of IP. In particular, ICMP messages should never be generated as a consequence of ICMP message processing, in order to prevent cascades of ICMP messages. Many commonly used network utilities are based on ICMP messages. The ping utility (well known on Unix) is implemented using the ICMP "Echo" and "Echo reply" messages. The related traceroute command.
Internet Protocol - Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used by source and destination hosts for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. Data in an IP internetwork is sent in blocks referred to as packets or datagrams (the terms are basically synonomous in IP). In particular, in IP no setup is needed before a host tries to send packets to a host it has previously not communicated with. The Internet Protocol provides an unreliable datagram service (also called best effort); i.e. it makes almost no guarantees about the packet. The packet may arrived damaged, it may be out of order (compared to other packets sent between the same hosts), it may be duplicated, or it may be dropped entirely. If the application needs reliability, this.
Internet key exchange - Internet key exchange Internet key exchange (IKE) is the protocol used to set up a security association in the IPSec protocol suite, which is in turn a mandatory part of the IETF IPv6 standard which is being adopted (slowly) throughout the Internet. IPSec is an optional part of the IPv4 standard. IKE is defined in RFC 2409. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, preshared secrets, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties. IKE incoporates parts of the proposed Oakley protocol. See also: key-agreement protocol. Need more material re: IKE design, and a historical perspective..
File transfer protocol - File transfer protocol The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a part of the Internet protocol suite that is able to transfer computer files between machines with widely different operating systems. It is an 8-bit protocol, capable of handling any type of file without further processing such as MIME or UUEncode. However, FTP has extremely high latency; that is, the time between beginning the request and starting to receive the required data can be quite long, and a sometimes-lengthy login procedure is required. OSI model Application layer FTP SMTP HTTP ... Transport layer TCP UDP Network layer IP ICMP ARP data link layer Ethernet Token Ring FDDI ... FTP is standardized in RFC 0959 by the IETF as: RFC 0959 File Transfer Protocol (FTP). J. Postel, J. Reynolds. Oct-1985..
Communications protocol - Communications protocol In networking, a communications protocol or network protocol is the specification of a set of rules for a particular type of communication. Different protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication; taken together, these form a protocol stack. The terms "protocol" and "protocol stack" also refer to the software that implements a protocol. Most recent protocols are assigned by the IETF for internet communications, and the IEEE, or the ISO organizations for other types. The ITU-T handles telecommunications protocols and formats. Index page for network protocols and protocol layers, categorised by the nearest matching layers of the OSI seven layer model. Systems engineering principles have been applied to design network protocols. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Protocol Families 2 Individual Protocols 2.1 Layer 1.
Simple network management protocol - Simple network management protocol Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is part of the internet protocol suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force. The protocol can be used to monitor any network attached devices for any conditions that warrant it. The first RFCs for SNMP were published in 1988: RFC 1065 - Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based internets RFC 1066 - Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets RFC 1067 - A Simple Network Management Protocol A clean separation of the protocol from the structure of management information has made it easy to use SNMP to monitor hundreds of different types of subsystems within a network, across all layers of the OSI reference model and extending into applications such as databases, email, and.
Routing information protocol - Routing information protocol The Routing Information Protocol allows network routers to adapt dynamically to changing network connections by swapping information about which networks each router can reach, and how far away those networks are. RIP was the most commonly used Interior Gateway Protocol in the Internet. The protocol was first developed in 1969 as part of ARPANET, and used the Bellman-Ford algorithm. RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol which employs hop count as a routing metric. The maximum number of hops allowed with RIP is 15. RIP updates every 30 seconds, generating lots of network traffic in larger networks. It runs above the network layer of the Internet protocol suite, using UDP port 520 to carry its data. Holddowns, split horizon and poison reverse are used to avoid.
Protocol stack - Protocol stack A protocol stack is a particular software implementation of a computer networking protocol suite. The terms are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, the suite is the definition of the protocols and the stack is the software implementation of them. Individual protocols within a suite are often designed with a single purpose in mind. This modularisation makes design and evaluation easier. Because each protocol module usually communicates with two others, they are commonly imagined as layers in a stack of protocols. The lowest protocol always deals with "low-level", physical interaction of the hardware. Every higher layer adds more features. User applications habitually deal only with the topmost layers. See also OSI model. In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections for.
Network Time Protocol - Network Time Protocol The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a standard for synchronising the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched data networks. Although NTP is most commonly used as part of the UDP/IP protocol suite, it can also be transported over other network protocols such as TCP/IP. It is designed particularly to resist the effects of variable latency. NTP uses the Marzullo algorithm (invented by Keith Marzullo of UC-San Diego in his dissertation) with the UTC time scale, including support for features such as leap seconds. NTPv4 can usually maintain time to within 10 milliseconds over the public Internet, and can achieve accuracies of 200 microseconds or better in local area networks under ideal conditions. It makes use of variations in latency in transmitting data packets across a.
List of Internet topics - List of Internet topics This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to the Internet and Internet Protocol. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Related changes in the sidebar and on the bottom of the page.. The list is not necessarily complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please do update the page accordingly. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Ad hoc network -- Address resolution protocol -- ADSL -- AirPort networking --.
Intranet - web site. The same concepts and technologies of the world wide web such as web browsers and servers running on the internet protocol suite are used to build an intranet. Other internet protocols are commonly used as well, especially ftp and email. There is often an attempt to use internet technologies to provide new interfaces with corporate 'legacy' data and information systems. See also: extranet internet web portal.
Intranet strategies - An intranet is an access-restricted network used internally in an organization. An intranet uses the same concepts and technologies as the world wide web and internet. This includes web browsers and servers running on the internet protocol suite and using internet protocols such as ftp, TCP/IP, HTML and email. Role of intranets Intranets are generally used for four types of applications: 1) Communication and collaboration send and receive e-mail, faxes, voice mail, and paging discussion rooms and chat rooms audio and video conferencing virtual team meetings and project collaboration 2) Web publishing develop and publish hyperlinked multi-media documents such as: policy manuals company newsletters product catalogs technical drawing training material telephone directories 3) Business operations and management order processing inventory control production setup and control management information systems database access 4).
IPSec - (abbreviation of IP security) is a standard for securing internet protocol communications by encrypting and authenticating all IP packets. IPSec is a protocol suite (a set of protocols) consisting of protocols for securing packet flows, and of key exchange protocols being used for setting up those secure flows. Of the former there are two: Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) for encrypting packet flows, and the rarely used Authentication Header (AH) which provides authentication and message integrity guarantees for such flows, but does not offer confidentiality. See Information security for definitions of these terms. Currently only one key exchange protocol is defined, the IKE protocol. IPSec is required as a part of IPv6, the new IETF Internet standard for Interet Protocol (ie, IP) packet traffic. As IPv6 is more widely used, IPSec will.
HTTPS - on the correctness of the implementation by the web browser, and the server software; and the actual symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms and hash algorithmss supported. See also E-commerce Computer security, Internet protocol suite External Links RFC 2818 - HTTP over TLS.
Glossary of telecommunication network terms - expedited data unit -- GOSIP -- high-level control -- intermediate system -- LAP-B -- layer -- layered system -- logical link control sublayer (LLC) -- medium access control sublayer (MAC) -- n-entity -- network termination 1 (NT1) -- network termination 2 (NT2) -- n-user -- open system -- open systems architecture -- Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) -- Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)--architecture -- Open Systems Interconnection Specification (OSI)--Protocol -- Open Systems Interconnection--Reference Model (OSI--RM) -- Open Systems Interconnection Definitions (OSI)--Service -- Open Systems Interconnection Management (OSI)--Systems -- peer entity -- peer group -- physical signaling sublayer (PLS) -- protocol -- protocol-control information -- protocol data unit (PDU) -- protocol hierarchy -- service -- service access point (SAP) -- service data unit (SDU) -- SONET -- standardized profile -- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Fidonet - message transport system used by BBSss before the explosion of the Internet. It was originally founded in 1984 by Tom Jennings as a means to network the "Fido" BBS software he developed. Later other BBS software that supported the same protocol was added to the net. The Fidonet is (usually) a dialup based system, where the nodes connect to each other and exchange files according to a set protocol. Since the connections are using the same telephone lines that are used for the normal users of the BBS, the fidonet transfers only happen at special times of the day ("Netmail-Hour", typically 4:00 in the morning). Today Fidonet supports its own standards for netmail (similar to Internet e-mail), echomail (Usenet-like news) and file transfers. Recent standards describe ways of transferring Fidonet messages.
EtherType - a packet was 1500 bytes. This length field was soon re-used in the Version 2 Ethernet protocol as a sub-protocol label field called the EtherType, with the convention that values between 0 and 1500 indicated the use of the original Ethernet format with a length field, but higher values indicated the use of the new frame format with an EtherType sub-protocol identifier. With the advent of the IEEE 802 suite of standards, the SNAP header is now sometimes used to transmit the EtherType of the packet for standards such as the Internet Protocol that originally used the earlier Ethernet standard. However, Ethernet Version 2 is still the most common for IP-networks. External references: http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/ethertype/type-tut.html http://www.wildpackets.com/compendium/EN/EN-FrFmt.html.
European Installation Bus - 3. EIB radio frequency 4. Infrared Sensors and actuators can be programmed and linked by the technician as desired. It is easy for home occupants to manipulate the fucntions of the EIB system using familiar switches, the telephone or the touch screen. You can change links as required and add new funtions to the system any time you want. The flexible EIB adjusts your home to the needs of the person - no matter what time of the day, season or phase of life. That also goes for the future. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Protocol 2 Communication 3 Neutral 4 PC solutions 5 Organization 6 See also Protocol EIB is a standardised, OSI-based network communications protocol. The EIB protocol is the digital language by which any number of devices in.
DECnet - DECnet DECnet is a proprietary suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus making DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. From a technical standpoint DECnet was built right into the DEC flagship operating system (VAX/VMS), being the foundation for the first cluster architecture ever designed, the VAXcluster. Initially built with four layers it later (1992) evolved into a seven layer OSI compliant networking protocol, around the time when open systems (POSIX compliant, i.e. UNIX-like) were grabbing marketshare from the proprietary OSes like VAX/VMS and AlphaVMS. It has been ported to UNIX (Ultrix), PCs and Macs (DEC Pathworks) transforming these into DECnet end-nodes on a.
