Intubation - Intubation Intubation being practiced on a dummy (conventional technique using a laryngoscope) In medicine, intubation is the placement of a tube into an external or internal orifice of the body. Although the term can refer to endoscopic procedures, it is most often used to denote tracheal intubation. In tracheal intubation, an endotracheal tube is passed through the nose or mouth, through the larynx, and into the trachea. Tracheal intubation is performed in various medical conditions: in comatose or intoxicated patients who are unable to protect their airways. In such patients, the throat muscles may lose their tone so that the upper airways collapse and air can not pass to the lungs. Furthermore, protective airway reflexes such as coughing and swallowing, which serve to protect the lower.
Golden Hour - of an internal bleeding); it is therefore necessary to transport the victim as fast as possible to a trauma center. First, the prehospital care are thus limited to the minimum, i.e. A.B.C (airway, breathing, circulation) cover the wounds realign the members when broken (reduction) protection of the spine. The intravenous drip must be fast and must not delay the transportation. The endotracheal intubation is the only act that can delay the transportation. This prehospital strategy is also called scoop and run, opposed to the stay and play that is more adapted to less severe cases (when there is no severe trauma, the trauma caused by the transportation itself is more important than the gain of time). Second point, the victim must be transported not always to the closest hospital, but to.
Emergency medical service - injured. The component of care on scene began in 1928, when Julien Stanley Wise started the Roanoke Life Saving Crew, the first rescue squad in the nation. Over the years EMS continued to evolve into much more than a "ride to the hospital." In particular in the US state of California and in King County, Washington state, projects began to include paramedics in the EMS responses in the late 1960s. Despite opposition from firefighters and doctors, the program eventually gained acceptance as its effectiveness became obvious. Furthermore, such programs became widely popularized around North America in the 1970s with the television series, Emergency which in part followed the adventures of two Los Angeles County Fire Department paramedics as they responded to various types of medical emergency. The popularity of this series.
Emergency medical technician - cases). All EMT training must meet the minimum requirements as set forth in the U.S. Department of Transportation's standards for the EMT-B (Emergency Medical Technician - Basic) curriculum. The National Registry, a voluntary standards and testing body, recognizes three levels of EMT: EMT-B (Basic), EMT-I (Intermediate) and EMT-P (Paramedic). Some states such as California use an EMT-I or "EMT-One" Roman numeral designation which is equivalent to the National EMT-Basic; this should not be confused with the EMT-Intermediate (hereafter EMT-I). An ambulance with only EMT-Bs is considered a BLS or Basic Life Support unit whereas an ambulance with EMT-Ps is dubbed an ALS or Advanced Life Support unit. EMT-B skills include CPR, first aid, airway management, oxygen administration, spinal immobilization, bleeding control and traction splinting. EMT-I skills add IV therapy, endotracheal intubation.
Esophageal cancer - attempt to find out whether the cancer has spread and, if so, to what parts of the body. Knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan treatment. Listed below are descriptions of the four stages of esophageal cancer. Stage I. The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the esophagus. Stage II. The cancer involves deeper layers of the lining of the esophagus, or it has spread to nearby lymph nodes. The cancer has not spread to other parts of the body. Stage III. The cancer has invaded more deeply into the wall of the esophagus or has spread to tissues or lymph nodes near the esophagus. It has not spread to other parts of the body. Stage IV. The cancer has spread to other.
Advanced cardiac life support - the emergency medical services by calling for help using the emergency telephone number. An important advance in providing ACLS is the availability of the automated external defibrillator or AED, which can be used by a layperson to deliver defibrillation. Semi-automatic defibrillation, oxygen and airway support may be provided by emergency medical technicianss. Advanced cardiac drugs, manual defibrillation and intubation may be provided by paramedics. A doctor trained in emergency medicine can provide additional cardiac drugs and surgical intervention including cardiac massage. See also: life support, medicine, heart, EMT, paramedic External Links: American Heart Association (USA) Resuscitation Council (UK).
Amylase - them to become sweeterer. Alpha-amylase cleaves the α(1-4)glycosidic linkages of amylose to yield maltose molecules (disaccharides of α-glucose). Increased plasma levels in humans are found in: Salivary trauma (including aneasthetic intubation). Mumps - due to pressure on the salivary glands. Pancreatitis - because of damage to the cells that produce amylase. Renal failure - due to reduced excretion. The test for amylase is easy to perform and has been the main test for pancreatitis. Labs will usually measure either pancreatic amylase, or total amylase. If only pancreatic amylase is measured, an increase will not be noted with mumps or other salivary gland trauma. Unfortunately, because of the small amount present, timing is critical when sampling blood for this measurement. Blood should preferably be taken soon after a bout of pancreatitis pain,.
Anaphylaxis - action of immunoglobulin E (IgE) which acts to release histamine and other mediator substances from mast cells. Histamine induces, beside other effects, vasodilation and bronchospasm (constriction of the airways). Causes Common causative agents in humans include food ingredients (nuts, peanuts, fruits), drugs (e.g. penicillin, contrast media, NSAIDs), latex, bee or wasp stings. Treatment Paramedic treatment in the field may include injection with epinephrine, administration of oxygen therapy and if necessary intubation during transport to advanced medical care. The clinical teatment of anaphylaxis by a doctor and in the hospital setting aims at the cellular hypersensitivity reaction as well as at the symptoms. Antihistamine drugs (which inhibit the effects of histamine at histamine receptors) are usually not sufficient in anaphylaxis, and high doses of intravenous corticosteroids are often required. Hypotension is treated.
Appendicectomy - a little quicker with laparoscopic surgery; the procedure is more expensive and resource-intensive than open surgery and generally takes a little longer, with the (low in most patients) additional risks associated with pneumoperitoneum (inflating the abdomen with gas). Advanced pelvic sepsis occasionally requires a lower midline laparotomy. In general terms, the procedure for an open appendicectomy is as follows. Antibiotics are given immediately if there are signs of sepsis, otherwise a single dose of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics is given immediately prior to surgery. General anaesthesia is induced, with endotracheal intubation and full muscle relaxation, and the patient is positioned supine. The abdomen is prepared and draped and is examined under anaesthesia. If a mass is present, the incision is made over the mass; otherwise, the incision is made over MacBurney's point,.
Aspiration (medicine) - normally protected against aspiration by so-called protective reflexes such as coughing and swallowing. Significant aspiration can only occur if the protective reflexes are absent (in neurological disease, coma, or general anesthesia). Measures to prevent aspiration depend on the situation and the individual patient, with endotracheal intubation often being necessary..
Bronchoscopy - or trauma). It is also useful in the treatment of airway obstruction by tumors or foreign bodies, for removal of secretions and as an assistive technique in difficult intubation of the trachea. During bronchoscopy often an important diagnostic procedure called bronchioalveolar lavage is performed. There are two types of brochoscopes: flexible (fiberoptic) and rigid. Flexible bronchoscopy is often performed under local anesthesia with the patient awake. Rigid bronchoscopes may be employed to remove foreign bodies or to place stents. Such procedures are usually done under general anesthesia. See also : endoscopy pulmonolgy.
Choking - is to call for help using the emergency telephone number, then to clear the obstruction from the airway using abdominal thrusts aka the Heimlich maneuver and/or artificial respiration. Intubation is the advanced medical procedure indicated, which can be performed by paramedics in the field. See airway obstruction..
Combat lifesaver - include wilderness first aid but also some paramedic skills such as intubation and advanced airway management. Combat lifesavers are neither first aid providers nor fully qualified emergency medical technicians. They are a weird mixture of both optimized to provide lifesaving care for trauma and medical emergencies on the battlefield. Combat lifesaver skills are exactly that, for use in combat conditions only. The alternative is not between skilled care and a (much less qualified) lifesaver's care, but between basic first aid and a lifesaver's care. The combat lifesaver is a link in the military chain of survival between buddy and self first aid and the platoon medic who is a fully qualified medical professional. The United States Army developed the combat lifesaver program as an effort to make advanced medical skills available.
Trachea - or openings, in the abdomen. It is lined with ciliated cells which push particles out and reinforced with cartilage rings. In ill or injured persons, the natural airway formed by the trachea may be damaged or closed off. Intubation is the medical procedure of inserting an artificial tube into the trachea to permit breathing. See also choking. Diseases of the trachea include: Tracheobronchitis Tracheomalacia Tracheal fracture Airway obstruction Malignancy In insects, each segment of the body has a pair of spiracles, each of which has a trachea behind it. These tracheae branch and supply air to the tissues. Insects do not carry oxygen in their blood, as do vertebrates; this limits their size..
Tracheomalacia - with tracheo-esophageal fistula Type 2 - extrinsic compression sometimes due to vascular rings Type 3 - acquired due to chronic infection or prolonged intubation or inflammatory conditions like relapsing polychondritis The trachea normally dilates slightly during inspiration and narrows slightly during expiration. These processes are exaggerated in tracheomalacia, leading to airway collapse on expiration. The usual symptom of tracheomalacia is expiratory stridor or laryngeal crow. Some cases require surgery. Tracheostomy and tracheal stents have been used..
Tracheotomy - tube is inserted. Trachetomy is indicated when the airway is mechanically blocked, for example by a crushing blow to the neck, and efforts at both intubation and "popping" the trachea process back into shape with the thumbs have been unsuccessful. Sometimes a planned tracheotomy is indicated when a patient requires long-term mechanical ventilation, for example in throat cancer. Great care must be taken to avoid damaging the vocal cords. The emergency tracheotomy is performed only by doctors qualified in emergency medicine or under their specific direction. Paramedics perform a needle cricothoracotomy instead, if local protocols permit. In wilderness first aid texts, the use of emergency tracheotomy has been discussed as a last-ditch method of opening an airway in persons with severe neck trauma. It should only be attempted if the only.
Succinylcholine chloride - The prolonged stimulation of the acetylcholine receptor results first in disorganized muscle contractions, then in profound relaxation. Its medical uses are limited to short-term muscle relaxation in anesthesia and intensive care, usually for facilitation of tracheal intubation. Despite its many undesired effects on the circulatory system and skeletal muscles (including malignant hyperthermia, a rare but life-threatening disease), it is still much used because it arguably has the fastest onset of action of all muscle relaxants. A single intravenous dose of 0.6 to 1.0 milligram per kilogram of body weight will cause flaccid paralysis within a minute of injection. For intramuscular injection higher doses are used and the effects lasts somewhat longer. Succinylcholine is quickly degraded by plasma cholinesterase and the duration of effect is usually in the range of a few.
Paramedic - Registry recognizes three levels of EMT: EMT-B (Basic), EMT-I (Intermediate) and EMT-P (Paramedic). The paramedic level is the highest level of nationally registered positions. In addition to the basic-level skills of CPR, first aid, airway management, oxygen administration, spinal immobilization, traction splinting, bleeding control and splinting, as well as the intermediate skills of IV therapy, endotracheal intubation and initial cardiac drug therapy, the paramedic is also educated in EKG interpretation, advanced airway skills, pharmacology, trauma resuscitation, pediatric life support and advanced cardiac life support. Paramedics are employed by various public and private emergency services providors. These include ambulance services, fire suppression agencies, hospitals, law enforcement services, the military, or various multi-service agencies. as firefighters. Paramedics may respond to medical incidents in an ambulance, rescue vehicle, helicopter, fixed-wing aircraft, have their own.
Pancuronium bromide - the autonomic cholinergic receptors. With the correct intravenous dosage the effects last around 45 minutes and it is used with general anaesthesia in surgery for muscle relaxation and as an aid to intubation or ventilation. It does not have sedative or analgesic effects. Side effects include moderately raised heart rate and thereby arterial pressure and cardiac output, excessive salivation, apnea and respiratory depression, rashes, flushing and sweating. The muscular relaxation can be dangerous in the seriously ill and it can accumulate leading to extended weakness. Its empirical formula is: C35H60Br2N2O 4 Its structural name is 3α, 17β - diacetoxy - 5α - androstan - 2β, 16β - ylene bis [1 - methylpiperidinium] dibromide.
Pneumothorax - One standard first aid treatment is to cover the wound with pressure bandage(s) made air-tight with petroleum jelly or clean plastic sheeting. The sterile inside of plastic bandage packaging is good for this purpose; however any airtight material, even the cellophane of a cigarette pack, can be used. IMPORTANT: do not completely close off the opening. Leave a flap or corner open so that air does not build up in the lungs yet the patient can still breathe. Any patient with a penetrating chest wound must be closely watched at all times and may develop a tension pneumothorax or other immediately life-threatening respiratory emergency at any moment. Do not leave them alone, even for a moment. Field Care (for EMTs) Apply airtight pressure bandage(s) as above. Provide oxygen therapy. Use caution.
