Ion Antonescu - Ion Antonescu Ion Antonescu (June 15 1882, Piteşti - June 1 1946 near Jilava) was prime minister and dictator of Romania during World War II from September 4, 1940 until his dismissal by King Michael on August 23, 1944. Ion Antonescu Although his step-mother was a Jewish woman called Frida Cuperman, and, as a military attaché in London in the 1930s, Antonescu married a French-Jewish woman named Rasela Mendel, Antonescu was attracted to anti-Semitism early. After his appointment in 1940 Antonescu tried to gain the friendship of Nazi Germany. In order to avoid an invasion of Soviet troops into Romania, he allowed the Wehrmacht to enter Romanian territory. In 1941 the Iron Guard, a Romanian anti-Semitic movement that had helped Antonescu gain power, rebelled against the.
History of Romania - in both Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same person - Alexander John Cuza- as prince. Thus, Romania was created. Main article: Kingdom of Romania In 1866 the German prince Carol (Charles) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was appointed as prince, in a move to assure German backing of future independence. In 1877 Carol led the Romanian Armies in a successdul War of Independence and was crowned as the first King of Romania in 1881. The new state, squeezed between the great powers of the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires, with Slav neighbors on three sides, looked to the West, particularly France, for its cultural, educational, and administrative models. In 1916 Romania entered World War I on the Entente side. By the end of the war, the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires were gone; governing bodies.
Fascism - to be supported by sections of the middle class fearful of socialism and communism, while industrialists and landowners saw it as a defence against labour militancy. Under threat of a fascist "March on Rome", Mussolini in October 1922 assumed the premiership of a right-wing coalition Cabinet initially including members of the pro-church People's Party. The transition to outright dictatorship was more gradual than in Germany a decade later, though in July 1923 a new electoral law all but assured a Fascist parliamentary majority, and the murder of the Socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti eleven months later showed the limits of political opposition. By 1926 opposition movements had been outlawed, and in 1928 election to parliament was restricted to Fascist-approved candidates. The regime's most lasting political achievement was perhaps the Lateran Treaty of.
1946 - 14 - Harold Shipman, British serial killer January 16 - Kabir Bedi, actor January 16 - Ronnie Milsap, singer January 16 - Katia Ricciarelli, opera singer January 18 - Joseph Deiss, member of the Swiss Federal Council January 19 - Dolly Parton, singer, actress January 20 - David Lynch, film director January 24 - Michael Ontkean, actor January 26 - Gene Siskel, film critic (+ 1999) January 31 - Terry Kath, musician (+ 1978) February 11 - M C Walker, CEO of Iceland Frozen Foods. February 11 - Timothy Chambers, pediatrician. February 14 - Gregory Hines, dancer, actor February 14 - Bernard Dowiyogo, president of Nauru (+ 2003) February 20 - Jerome Geils of the J Geils band February 20 - Brenda Blethyn, actress February 21 - Tyne Daly, actress February.
1940 - War II: Italy invades Greece. October 31 - World War II: Battle of Britain ends - The United Kingdom prevents Germany from invading Great Britain. November 5 - U.S. presidential election, 1940: Democrat incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Republican challenger Wendell Willkie and becomes the United States' first third-term president. November 7 - In Washington, the middle section of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapses in a windstorm, a mere four months after the bridge's completion (it opened to traffic on July 1, 1940 as the third-longest suspension bridge in the world). November 11 - World War II: Battle of Taranto - The Royal Navy launches the first aircraft carrier strike in history, on the Italian fleet at Taranto. November 11 - World War II: The German Hilfskreuzer (cruiser) Atlantis captures top.
Carol II of Romania - of Greece and Denmark, but the marriage soon collapsed in the wake of the king's affair with Elena Wolff (known as "Magda Lupescu" -- Lupescu is the Romanian form of Wolff -- 1895-1977), a daughter of Nicolas Grünberg, a Jewish pharmacist, who adopted the name Nicolas Wolff, and his wife née Elizei Falk. Elena Wolff had formerly been the wife of Army officer Ion Tampenu. As a result of the scandal, he renounced his right to the throne in December 1925 in favour of his son by Helena, Michael, who became King in July 1927. Carol and Helena were divorced in 1928. He had additional illegitimate children by a mistress, Maria Martini. Rule Returning to the country unexpectedly on 7 June, 1930, Carol was proclaimed King the following day. For the.
Communist Romania - harsh, arbitrary, and capricious. Rapid economic growth fueled by foreign credits gradually gave way to wrenching austerity and severe political repression. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Rise of the Communists 2 Internecine struggle 3 The Gheorgiu-Dej era 4 The Ceauşescu regime 5 Downfall 5.1 Controversy over the events of December 1989 Rise of the Communists When King Michael (Mihai) overthrew Ion Antonescu in August 1944, breaking Romania away from the Axis and bringing it over to the Allied side, Michael could do nothing to erase the memory of his country's recent active participation in the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Although Romanian forces fought heroically under Soviet command, driving through Northern Translvania into Hungary proper, and on into Czechosolvakia and Germany, the Soviets still treated Romania as conquered territory. The.
Romania during World War II - 1989 After a brief period of nominal neutrality, Romania joined the Axis Powers in June 1941, under the government of Ion Antonescu. An August 1944 coup led by King Michael deposed the Antonescu dictatorship and put Romania on the side of the Allies for the remainder of the war. Despite this association with the winning side "Greater Romania was not to survive the war, losing territory to both Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The pre-war years 2 The war begins 3 Antonescu comes to power 4 Romania and the Holocaust 5 The royal coup 6 After the war The pre-war years As the 1930s progressed, Romania's already shaky democracy slowly deteriorated toward fascist dictatorship. Until 1938, Romania's governments maintained the form, if not always the substance,.
Nicolae Iorga - Academy, becoming a full member in 1911. From 1902 to 1906 he was the editor of the nationalist Semănătorul ("The sower") review, going on in 1906 to found the newspaper Neamul românesc ("Romanian Nation"). For the rest of his life, even while serving in parliament or as a minister, he was a daily contributor to that paper. Iorga was assassinated in 1940, during the regime of General Ion Antonescu, by a group of commandos of the Iron Guard, whoconsidered him responsible for the 1938 death of their charismatic leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu: after Iorga (in his capacity as a minister) had denounced Codreanu, Codreanu was arrested and imprisoned, then was shot, putatively during an attempted prison escape. After the earthquake of 1940, when Iorga had to leave his damaged home in.
November 27 - 1896). 1912 - Spain declares a protectorate over the north shore of Morocco. 1924 - In the New York City the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held. 1926 - In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins. 1934 - A running gun battle between FBI agents and bank robber Baby Face Nelson results in the death of one FBI agent and the mortal wounding of special agent Sam Cowley, who is still able to mortally shoot Nelson. 1940 - In Romania, coup leader General Ion Antonescu's Iron Guard arrests and executes over 60 of exiled king Carol II of Romania's aides. Among the dead is former minister and acclaimed historian Nicolae Iorga. 1946 - Cold War: Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appeals to the United States and the Soviet.
Michael of Romania - Deposed by his father after only three years on the throne, he resumed the crown on Carol's abdication a decade later, reigning over a country governed in practice by the pro-German regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu. Dismissing Antonescu as Soviet forces entered Romania in August 1944 following the country's ill-fated intervention on Germany's side in World War II, Michael subsequently (March 1945) was forced to appoint a pro-Soviet communist-dominated government, whose subsequent leaders decreed his deposition and exile from the country. He was not allowed to return until 1997. See also: Kings of Romania.
List of people associated with World War II - of Britain Michael Joseph Savage, (1872-1940), Prime Minister until his death in March 1940 Lloyd Alan Trigg, awarded Victoria Cross on recommendation of German submarine commander Charles Upham, Army Captain awarded Victoria Cross and bar Nancy Wake, (born 1912), fought alongside Maquis Norway Carl Fleischer, general Haakon VII, (1872-1957) Vidkun Quisling, (1887-1945), Nazi collaborator Henry Oliver Rinnan, double agent Palestine David Ben Gurion, (1886-1973), Zionist leader Amin el Husseini, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Philippines Sergio Osmena, Vice-president Manuel L. Quezon, (1878-1944), president Poland Wladyslaw Anders, lieutenant general and leader of Free Polish army Mordecai Anielewicz, (1919-1943) Jozef Beck Wojciech Jaruzelski, (born 1923), was drafted into Soviet Polish Army Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski, general and leader of Warsaw Uprising Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, leader of Polish government-in-exile Edward Rydz-Smigly, marshal and army commander Wladyslaw Sikorski, General.
List of Prime Ministers of Romania - 1865-1866 Lascăr Catargiu - 1866-1866 Ion Prince Ghica - 1866-1867 Nicolae Cretzulescu - 1867-1867 Ştefan Golescu - 1867-1868 Nicolae Golescu - 1868 Ion C. Brătianu - 1868 Dimitrie Prince Ghica - 1868-1870 Nicolae Golescu - 1870 Manolache Costache Epureanu - 1870 Ion Prince Ghica - 1870-1871 Lascăr Catargiu - 1871-1876 Ion Emanuel Florescu - 1876 Manolache Costache Epureanu - 1876 Ion C. Brătianu - 1876-1881 Dimitrie Brătianu - 1881 Ion C. Brătianu - 1881-1888 Theodor Rosetti - 1888-1889 Lascăr Catargiu - 1889-1891 Ion Emanuel Florescu - 1891 Lascăr Catargiu - 1891-1895 Dimitrie Sturdza - 1895-1896 Petre S. Aurelian - 1896-1897 Dimitrie Sturdza - 1897-1899 Georghe Cantacuzino - 1899-1900 Petre P. Carp - 1900-1901 Dimitrie Sturdza - 1901-1906 Georghe Cantacuzino - 1906-1907 Dimitrie Sturdza - 1907-1909 Ion I. C. Brătianu - 1909-1911.
List of people by name: An - Saxony, (1755-1836), King of Saxony (1827-1836) Anthony, James, musician Anthony, Piers, (born 1934), US science fiction and fantasy author Anthony, Ray, musician Anthony, Susan B, (1820-1906), US feminist Antin, Steve, (born 1961) Antipater, (397-319 BC), Macedonian general and regent Antipater of Sidon, (fl 120 BC) Antipater of Tarsus, (2nd c. BC), Stoic philosopher Antipater of Thessalonica (fl 11 BC), Greek epigrammatist Antipater of Tyre, (1st c. BC), Stoic philosopher Antipater the Idumaean, (1st c. BC), Idumaean politician Antiphanes, (fl 385 BC), Greek playwright Antiphilus of Byzantium, Greek epigrammatist Antiphon, (c. 480-411 BC), Attic orator Antiphon, Athenian sophist Antiphon, Greek tragic poet Antisthenes (c. 445-360 BC), Greek philosopher Antisthenes of Rhodes (2nd c. BC), Greek historian Antoinette, Marie, (1755-1793), Austrian born Queen of France Antonescu, Ion, (1882-1946), Romanian military dictator Antoku, emperor.
List of Romanians - Writing 2.9 Music 2.10 Movie and Theater 3 Sports 3.11 Soccer 3.12 Gymnastics 3.13 Tennis 3.14 Boxing 3.15 Basketball 3.16 Athletics 3.17 Canoe 4 Science 4.18 Biology 4.19 Engineering 4.20 Mathematics 4.21 Others 5 Business 6 Various Historical Figures Presidents President of Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu Ion Iliescu Prime Ministers Prime Minister of Romania Ion Antonescu Ion Brătianu Lascăr Catargiu Ion Duca Iuliu Maniu Dimitrie Sturdza Kings King of Romania Carol I of Romania Carol II of Romania Mihai of Romania Ferdinand of Romania Voivods Basarab I Neagoe Basarab Alexander John Cuza Dimitrie Cantemir Mihai Viteazul Mircea cel Bătrân Ştefan cel Mare Vlad Tepes Others Nicolae Bălcescu, historian, revolutionary Antoine Bibesco, diplomat, writer Avram Iancu, revolutionary Nicolae Titulescu, politician Corneliu Vadim Tudor, politician Arts Painting Theodor Aman Ion Andreescu Corneliu Baba Sabin.
List of people who were executed - were executed: Ignatius Kutu Acheampong Akwasi Afrifa Fred W.K. Akuffo Stephen Wayne Anderson Ion Antonescu Manuel Babbitt Nikos Beloyannis Lavrenty Beria Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Maurice Bishop Anne Boleyn William George Bonin Nikolay Bukharin Ted Bundy Nicolae Ceausescu Caryl Chessman Andrei Chikatilo Galeazzo Ciano Davy Crockett Emilio De Bono Robert Erskine Guy Fawkes Bogdan Filov Wilhelm Frick John Wayne Gacy Juan Garza Sadegh Ghotbzadeh Gary Gilmore Barbara Graham Che Guevara Nathan Hale Robert Alton Harris Bruno Hauptmann Paul Jennings Hill Agustín de Iturbide Jesus of Nazareth Joan of Arc William Kemmler King Louis XVI Kevin Malone David Edward Mason Robert Lee Massie Maximilian of Mexico Timothy McVeigh Draza Mihailovic Miguel Miramón Francisco Morazán Thomas More Benito Mussolini Imre Nagy Mohammad Najibullah Nicholas II and family Vidkun Quisling Darrell Keith Rich Louis Riel.
Inertial fusion energy - and compressing a target – a pellet that contains deuterium and tritium – by the use of intense laser or ion beams. A power reactor would operate by igniting several such pellets per second. A favorable feature of inertial fusion is that the components (target factory, driver, fusion chamber) can be isolated from each other. In addition, the driver can be modular, thereby enabling a staged development. As is the case for magnetic fusion energy, progress in inertial fusion has been remarkable. The scientific basis of inertial fusion has progressed to the point where the driver and pellet requirements to achieve ignition are known to high confidence and are within reach. Experimental diagnostics are capable of probing details of physical properties under extreme conditions. Knowledge of the laser-plasma interaction and implosion.
Ionic - molecules or atoms are ions or are like ions, i.e. have a surplus (positive) or deficit (negative) (but not an equilibrium) of electric charge, which is the result of adding or removing an electron to the outermost electron shell of the atom or molecule. See: ion salt ionic compound ionic bond ionic crystal ionic charge There is also a band by the name Ionic. See: http://www.ionicmusic.com.
Ion - Ion In chemistry, an electrically charged molecule or atom is known as an ion because it has gained or lost electrons from its normal complement, a process known as ionization. In physics, completely ionized atomic nuclei, such as those in alpha radiation, are more commonly referred to as charged particles. Ionization is usually performed by the application of high energy to atoms, in the form of electrical voltage or by high-energy radiation. An ionized gas is called plasma. Negatively charged ions are known as anions (which are attracted to anodes) and positively charged ions are called cations (which are attracted to cathodes). (Cation is pronounced "cat eye on", not "kay shun".) Ions were first theorized by Michael Faraday around 1830, to describe the portions of molecules.
Ionic bond - electronegativity the more ionic the bond. The diagram above shows the electron configurations of lithium and fluorine. Note that litium has one electron in its outer shell. This electron is held rather loosely (ionisation energy ?). Note also that fluorine has 7 electrons in its outer shell. If the electron moves from lithium to fluorine each ion acquires the configuration of a noble gas. The bonding energy (from the electrostatic attraction of the two oppositely charged ions) is large enough (negative value) that the overall bonded state energy is lower than the unbonded state. Impression of two ions (for example [Na]+ and [Cl]-) forming an ionic bond. Electron orbitals generally do not overlap (ie. molecular orbitals are not formed), because each of the ions reached the lowest energy state, and the.
