Irving Langmuir - Irving Langmuir Irving Langmuir was an American chemist and physicist. Born January 31, 1881 in Brooklyn, New York - Died August 16, 1957 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts He graduated with a B.S. from the Columbia University School of Mines in 1903 and did postgraduate work in chemistry under Nobel laureate Walther Nernst in Göttingen and earned his Ph.D. degree in 1906. Langmuir then taught at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, until 1909, when he began working at the General Electric research laboratory (Schenectady, New York). While at G.E., from 1909-1950, Langmuir advanced several basic fields of physics and chemistry, invented the gas filled incandescent lamp, the hydrogen welding technique, and was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in surface.
Langmuir probe - Langmuir probe A Langmuir probe, named after Nobel Prize winning physicist Irving Langmuir, is used to determine the ionization energy and electron temperature of a plasma. It works by inserting two wires into the plasma that are insulated on their sides from each other and the plasma. This is done so that only the tips of the wires are exposed to the plasma. The wires, typically made of tungsten, are several thousandths of an inch thick. Mathematical analysis of this curve using calculus and physics allows the user to calculate plasma potential (Vp), floating potential (Vf), electron density (ne), ion density (ni), electron temperature (Te) and the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) or f(e). A Langmuir probe can be purchased off the shelf for on the.
Gilbert N. Lewis - MIT to become professor of physical chemistry and dean of the College of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1912. In 1908 he published the first of several papers on relativity, in which he derived the mass-energy relationship in a different way from Albert Einstein's derivation. On June 21, 1912, he married Mary Hinckley Sheldon, daughter of a Harvard professor of Romance languages. They had two sons, both of whom became chemistry professors, and a daughter. In 1913, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, but in 1934 he resigned in a dispute over the internal politics of that institution. In 1916, he formulated the idea that a covalent bond consisted of a shared pair of electrons and defined the term odd molecule when an electron is.
1932 - and film director February 18 - Milos Forman, film director February 22 - Edward Kennedy, US politician and brother of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy February 24 - Michel Legrand, composer February 25 - Faron Young country music singer (d. 1996) February 26 - Johnny Cash, US country music singer February 27 - Elizabeth Taylor, US actress March 4 - Miriam Makeba, singer March 12 - Andrew Young, civil rights activist, politician, ambassador to the United Nations March 18 - John Updike, US author April 1 - Debbie Reynolds, actress April 4 - Andrei Tarkovsky, Russian movie director (d. 1986) April 4 - Anthony Perkins, US actor (d. 1992) April 12 - Tiny Tim, musician April 23 - Halston, fashion designer (d. 1990) April 25 - Meadlowlark Lemon, basketball.
1916 in science - years in science. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Chemistry 2 Physics 3 Births 4 Deaths Chemistry Gilbert Lewis and Irving Langmuir formulate an electron shell model of chemical bonding Sydney Chapman and David Enskog systematically develop a kinetic theory of gases Jan Czochralski invents a method for growing single crystals of metals. Physics Albert Einstein shows that the field equations of general relativity admit wavelike solutions Karl Schwarzschild solves the Einstein vacuum field equations for uncharged spherically-symmetric non-rotating systems, Births February 12 - Richard Dedekind, future mathematician March 4 - Hans Eysenck, future psychologist June 8 - Francis Crick, future biologist Deaths July 23 - Sir William Ramsay, chemist and Nobel prize winner.
Columbia University - Justice of the United States. Butler Library at Columbia University (June 2003) Research into the atom by faculty members I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what would become the Manhattan Project. In the spring of 1968 student protesters took over five buildings and occupied them for a week. They were protesting the building of a gymnasium in Morningside Park, the campus presence of the government and military recruiters, and the administration in general. (see John Lindsay) Columbia University had been relatively declining during the 1970s and 1980s. During the 1990s, under the leadership of University President George Rupp, Columbia regained its reputation as one of the nation's leading universities..
Timeline of quantum mechanics, molecular physics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics - solids to diffract X-rays 1912 Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping diffract X-rays in zinc blende 1913 William Bragg and Lawrence Bragg work out the Bragg condition for strong X-ray reflection 1913 Henry Moseley shows that nuclear charge is the real basis for numbering the elements 1913 Niels Bohr presents his quantum model of the atom 1913 Robert Millikan measures the fundamental unit of electric charge 1913 Johannes Stark demonstrates that strong electric fields will split the Balmer spectral line series of hydrogen 1914 James Franck and Gustav Hertz observe atomic excitation 1914 Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons 1915 Arnold Sommerfeld develops a modified Bohr atomic model with elliptic orbits to explain relativistic fine structure 1916 Gilbert Lewis and Irving Langmuir formulate an electron shell model.
Timeline of invention - Alva Fisher (Hurley Corporation) 1909: Monoplane: Henry W. Walden 1909: Bakelite: Leo Baekeland 1909: Gun silencer: Hiram Maxim 1910s 1911: Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry 1911: Automobile self starter (perfected): Charles F. Kettering 1911: Air conditioner: Willis Haviland Carrier 1911: Cellophane: Jacques Brandenburger 1911: Hydroplane: Glenn Curtiss 1912: Regenerative radio circuit: Edwin H. Armstrong 1913: Improved X-Ray: William D. Coolidge 1913: Double acting wrench: Robert Owen 1913: Cracking process for Gasoline: William M. Burten 1913: Gyroscope stabilizer: Elmer A. Sperry 1913: Geiger counter: Hans Geiger 1913: Radio receiver, cascade tuning: Ernst Alexanderson 1913: Radio receiver, heterodyne: Reginald Fessenden 1914: Radio transmitter triode mod.: Ernst Alexanderson 1914: Liquid fuel rocket: Robert Goddard 1914: Tank, military: Ernest Dunlop Swinton 1915: Filament Tungsten: Irving Langmuir 1915: Searchlight arc: Elmer A. Sperry 1915: Radio tube oscillator:.
Surface chemistry - microscopy (AFM) and scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) has stimulated a considerable increase in research activity in surface chemistry. This increase is part of a more general interest in nanotechnology. Behaviour in solution surface chemistry and colloid chemistry is dependent on the surface charge and the potential distribution in the surrounding electrical double layer. Irving Langmuir was one of the founders of this field, and a scientific journal on surface chemistry bears his name. The Langmuir adsorption equation is used to model monolayer adsorption where all surface adsorption sites have the same affinity for the adsorbing species..
Pathological science - a term created by the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Irving Langmuir during a colloquium at The Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953. Some scientists use the term to imply scientific misconduct on part of other researchers. Critics argue that the term lacks justification for describing many scientific studies. ‘Pathological science’ label is given to most revolutionary discoveries, according to critics of the term. Critics also urge others to abandon the phrase. Pathological science designates a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation. Criteria for pathological science are: The maximum effect that is observed is produced by a causative agent of barely detectable intensity, and the magnitude of the effect is substantially independent of the.
Plasma - is an energetic state of matter in which some or all of the electrons in the outer atomic orbitals have become separated from the atom. The result is a collection of ions and electrons which are no longer bound to each other. This state of matter was first identified by Sir William Crookes in 1879, and dubbed "plasma" by Irving Langmuir. The three lower-energy phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Plasmas are the most common form of matter, comprising more than 99% of the visible universe. Commonly encountered forms of plasma include the Sun and other stars (which are plasmas heated by nuclear fusion), lit fluorescent lamps, lightning, the Aurora borealis, the solar wind, and interstellar nebulae. A plasma is also generated in front of a spacecraft's heat shield.
Plasma cosmology - there are in fact versions today which greatly account for much of the observable phenomena in the universe, including the CMB, the distribution of galaxies, the formation of galaxies, redshift, etc.. Observations made since the 1960s by Halton Arp claim to disprove the standard model of redshift and Hubble's Law. Arp claims that there are coorelations between quasars and normal galaxies that demonstrate that the cosmic redshift is not due to the expansion of the universe, but is instead local to the source of radiation (example: NGC 7603). Almost all astrophysicists believe that these coorelations do not exist in reality and that Arp's observations are the result of faulty statistics. It is important to note that while these discordant redshifts contradict the Big Bang as a whole, they can still be.
N ray - recorded data that matched their expectations. The incident is used as a cautionary tale among scientists on the dangers of error introduced by experimenter bias. N rays were cited as an example of pathological science by Irving Langmuir..
Nobel Prize in Chemistry - non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule 1923 Fritz Pregl for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances 1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and the methods used 1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg for his work on disperse systems 1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland for his investigations of the bile acids and related substances 1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus for his research into sterols and their connection with vitamins 1929 Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes 1930 Hans Fischer for his researches into haemin and chlorophyll 1931 Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius for their contributions to chemical high pressure methods 1932 Irving Langmuir for his work in surface chemistry 1934.
Linus Pauling - In 1917 Pauling entered the Oregon Agricultural College in Corvallis, now Oregon State University. Because of financial needs, he had to work full-time while attending a full schedule of classes. After his second year, he planned to take a job in Portland to help support his mother, but the college offered him a position teaching quantitative analysis (a course Pauling had just finished taking as a student). This allowed him to continue his studies at OAC. In his last two years at OAC, Pauling became aware of the work of Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir on the electronic structure of atoms and their bonding to form molecules. He decided to focus his research on how the physical and chemical properties of substances are related to the structure of the atoms.
List of inventors - Rudolf Hell, (1901-2002) John Philip Holland, (1840-1914) -- "true" submarine I J Karl Jatho -- airplane K William Kelly Mary Dixon Kies -- method for weaving straw with silk for hat-making. Fritz Klatte -- invented vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloride Margaret Knight -- (1838-1914) American, machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags. Stephanie Kwolek -- Kevlar L Edwin H. Land, (1909-1991) -- Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land Camera Håkan Lans, (1942-) -- Developed the Computer mouse by adding a heavy rubber ball to the underside of it. Irving Langmuir, (1851-1957), gas filled incandescent lamp, hydrogen welding Lewis Latimer -- worked with Thomas Edison and patented an improved lightbulb manufacturing process. Gottfried Leibniz -- binary numeral system Justus von Liebig, (1803-1873) -- fertilizer M Guglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937) -- radio.
List of chemists - 1981 Nobel Prize in chemistry I J K Paul Karrer, (1889-1971), 1937 chemistry Nobel laureate Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, (1829-1896), German organic chemist Emil Knoevenagel Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, (1818-1884) Aleksandra Kornhauser, (born 1926), chemist. Harold Kroto, (born 1939), English chemist, 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry L Irving Langmuir, (1851-1957), chemist, physicist Antoine Lavoisier, (1743-1794), French pioneer chemist Yuan T. Lee, winner of 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Janez Levec, (born 1943), chemist. Primo Levi, (1919-1987), resistance fighter, chemist and novelist Gilbert N. Lewis, (1875-1946), American chemist and first Dean of the Berkeley College of Chemistry Henri Louis Le Chatelier Willard Libby (1908-1980), American chemist, winner of 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Justus von Liebig, (1803 in-1873 in), German inventor Martin Lowry, (1874-1936), British chemist M Albertus Magnus, (died 1280),.
Vacuum tube - traced to evaporation of silicon used in the tungsten alloy to make the wire easier to draw. Elimination of the silicon from the filament wire alloy (and paying extra for more frequent replacement of the wire drawing dies) allowed production of tubes that met the reliability requirements of SAGE. Another important reliability problem is that the tube fails when air leaks into the tube. Usually oxygen in the air reacts chemically with the hot filament. Designers therefore worked hard to develop tube designs that sealed reliably. This was much of the reason why many tubes were constructed of glass. Metal alloys and glasses had been developed for light bulbs that expanded and contracted the same amounts when hot. These made it easy to construct an insulating envelope of glass, and pass.
List of chemistry topics - product -- decomposition temperature -- Delessite -- Density -- Derek H. R. Barton -- diamond -- Diaspore -- Diatomite -- diffusion pump -- Diopside -- Diorite -- Dipole -- Discovery of the chemical elements -- Distillation -- Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev -- Dmitrii Mendeleev -- Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev -- Dolomite -- Donald J. Cram -- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin -- Dubnium -- Dudley R. Herschbach -- Dysprosium -- E Eduard Buchner -- Edwin Mattison McMillan -- Einsteinium -- Electrical conductivity -- electricity -- Electrochemical cell -- Electrochemistry -- electrode -- Electrode potential -- electrolysis -- Electrolyte -- Electrolytic cell -- electromagnetic spectroscopy -- electron -- electron capture -- Electron configuration -- electron shell -- electron volt -- Electronegativity -- Electrophile -- Element -- Elements song -- Elias James Corey -- Emerald -- Emil.
List of people by name: La - Lange, Jessica, (born 1949), US actor Lange, Jim, (born 1933), game show host Lange, Robert "Mutt, (born 1948), record producer Langella, Frank, (born 1940), US actor Langen, Ellen van, (born 1966), athlete Langer, Bernhard, golfer Langer, William, US politician Langham, Simon, (died 1376), Archbishop of Canterbury Langhoff, Anna, dramatist, author Langland, Joseph, poet Langlands, Robert, (born 1936), mathematician Langley, Samuel Pierpont, USA astronomer, physicist Langlie, Arthur B, US Governor of Washington Langlois, Yves, FLQ Terrorist Langmuir, Irving, (1851-1957), chemist, physicist Langsdroff, Hans, German commander of Graf Spee Langtoft, Piers, historian Langton, Stephen, (c 1150-1228), scholastic philosopher, Archbishop of Canterbury Langton, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury Langtry, Lillie, (born 1853), actress Langtry, Lily, (died 1929), singer, actress Languet, Hubert, (died 1581), French diplomat Lang, Walter, film director Lanham, S.W.T, (1903-1907), Texas Goveror Lanier,.
