Ischaemic heart disease - Ischaemic heart disease Ischaemic heart disease is a disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart. It is the most common cause of death in most western countries. Ischaemia means a "reduced blood supply". The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle and no alternative blood supply exists, so a blockage in the coronary arteries reduces the supply of blood to heart muscle. Most ischaemic heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis. What is it? Initially there is narrowing of coronary arteries causing angina. The narrowing is mostly caused by fatty plaques lining the wall of the artery. Sometimes a fatty plaque will rupture leading to a heart attack. (Heart attacks caused by simple narrowing are relatively uncommon). A heart attack causes damage to heart.
Heart attack - Heart attack A heart attack is a colloquial term referring to a serious, sudden heart condition that presents as varying degrees of chest pain, weakness, sweating, nausea and vomiting, sometimes causing loss of consciousness. A heart attack is a medical emergency. The medical term for a heart attack is acute myocardial infarction, often abbreviated as AMI or MI. "Acute" means sudden, "myo" refers to muscle, and "cardium" refers to the heart, i.e. to the heart muscle (myocardium). "Infarction" is a medical term describing tissue death (necrosis) caused by an obstruction of blood flow. Causes The underlying mechanism of a heart attack is the destruction of heart muscle cells due to a lack of oxygen. If these cells are not supplied with sufficient oxygen by the coronary.
Internal medicine - some overlap between internal medicine and primary care (or family medicine). A physician who practices internal medicine is an internist. Topics in Internal medicine cardiology coronary heart disease -- cardiac arrhythmias -- heart attack -- ischaemic heart disease -- more gastroenterology oesophagus achalasia -- Barrett's disease -- cancer of oesophagus -- heart burn -- hiatus hernia -- reflux oesophagitis -- oesophageal pouch stomach cancer of stomach -- gastric ulcer -- Helicobacter pylori small bowel giardia -- coeliac disease -- Crohn's disease -- lymphoma -- Meckel's diverticulum -- malabsorption pancreas carcinoma of pancreas -- cystic fibrosis -- diabetes -- pancreatitis -- more vermiform appendix appendicitis -- carcinoid tumour colon colon cancer -- Crohn's disease -- diarrhea -- diverticulitis -- infective colitis -- ulcerative colitis -- more endocrinology thyroid hypothyroidism -- Graves disease.
Gout - had gout 6 References Prerequisites People with gout have either an increased production of uric acid or an impaired excretion of uric acid, or a combination of the two. see uric acid metabolism High uric acid levels are associated with age, obesity, type IV hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. Presentation The classical picture is of excruciating pain of sudden onset in only one joint, usually the big toe (75% of first attacks are the fist metatarsal-phalangeal joint). Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis of gout is from microscopy of joint fluid aspirated from the joint (this test may be difficult to perform) to demonstrate intracellular monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Serum urate levels are usually raised. Serum urea and creatinine may be raised if there is any.
Folic acid - in the developing human fetus. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Folic acid and pregnancy 2 Folic acid and ischaemic heart disease 3 Biochemistry 4 Folate in foods 5 Recommended Dietary Allowance for folate 6 Folate deficiency 7 Signs of folate deficiency 8 Who may need extra folic acid to prevent a deficiency? 9 Caution about folic acid supplements 10 What are some current issues and controversies about folate? 10.1 Folic acid and heart disease 10.2 Folic acid and cancer 10.3 Folic acid and methotrexate for cancer 10.4 Folic acid and methotrexate for non-cancerous diseases 11 What is the health risk of too much folic acid? 12 Selected food sources of folate and folic acid 13 References 14 External Links Folic acid and pregnancy Since the discover of the link between insufficient.
Antianginal - any drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, a symptom of ischaemic heart disease. Drugs used are nitrates such as glyceryl trinitrate or pentaerythritol tetranitrate; Beta blockers, either cardioselectives such as acebutlol or metoprolol, or non-cardioselectives such as oxprenolol or sotalol; or Ca plus plus antagonists, either Class I agents (eg. verapamil), Class II agents (eg. amlodipine, nifedipine) or the Class III agent (diltiazem). Nitrates cause vasodilation of the venous capacitance vessels by simulating the endothelium derived relaxant factor (EDRF). Used to relieve both exertional and vasospastic angina by allowing venous pooling, reducing the pressure in the ventricles and so reducing wall tension and oxygen requirements in the heart. Short-acting nitrates are used to abort angina attacks that have occurred. While longer-acting nitrates are used in the prophylactic management of.
Cardiology - Cardiology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The human heart is a complex organ, consisting of two ventricles and two atria. Coronary arteries feed the heart the blood it needs to sustain itself. Important diseases of the heart: Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) Angina Coronary heart disease Cardiac arrest Cardiac arrhythmias Cardiomyopathy Congenital heart defects Tetralogy of Fallot Endocarditis Heart failure Ischaemic heart disease Myocarditis Rheumatic heart disease Valvular heart disease Important symptoms: Heart murmur See also: Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures..
Statin - however, they are less effective than the fibrates in reducing triglycerides and raising HDL-cholesterol. The statins play an important role in primary and secondary prevention of ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarct. There is ongoing research for other actions of statins apart from lipid-lowering for instance - anti-inflammatory or anti-dementive. The statins are (brand names in countries other than the US can be different): atorvastatin (Lipitor®) fluvastatin (Lescol®) lovastatin (Mevacor®, Altocor®) pravastatin (Pravachol®) rosuvastatin (Crestor®) simvastatin (Zocor®) cerivastatin (Lipobay®) - marketing discontinued due to serious side-effects See also - The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study References: FDA approval of rosuvastatin.
Nitroglycerin - making explosives, specifically dynamite, and as such is used in construction and demolition. It is also used medically as a vasodilator to treat heart conditions. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Instability and desensitization 2 What is detonation? 3 Properties 4 Preparation 4.1 Manufacture 5 Medical use 6 Terrorism Instability and desensitization In its pure form, it is shock-sensitive (i.e., physical shock can cause it to explode) and degrades over time to even more unstable forms. This makes it highly dangerous to transport or use in its pure form. Early in the history of this explosive it was discovered that liquid nitroglycerin can be "desensitized" by cooling to 40–50 °F, at which temperature it freezes, contracting upon solidification. However, later thawing can be extremely sensitizing, especially if impurities are present or if.
Coronary heart disease - Coronary heart disease Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease and atherosclerotic heart disease, may be caused by inflammation of the lining of the arteries which allows atheromatous plaquess (caused by the buildup of cholesterol in the vessel wall) to form, limiting blood flow to the heart muscle. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pathophysiology 2 Angina 3 Prevention Pathophysiology Limitation of blood flow to the heart causes ischemia (cell starvation secondary to a lack of oxygen) of the myocardial cells. When myocardial cells die from lack of oxygen, this is called a myocardial infarction (commonly called a heart attack), and leads to heart muscle damage and later scarring. Myocardial infarction can result from the sudden occlusion of a coronary artery when a plaque ruptures and.
Heart - Heart The heart (Latin, cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the vessels and cavities of an animal's body by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac means "related to the heart", from the Greek cardia for "heart". Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The human heart 1.1 Structure 1.2 The cardiac cycle 1.3 Regulation of the cardiac cycle 1.4 Diseases and treatments 1.5 First Aid 2 The heart of other animals 2.6 Structure 2.7 Heartbeat 3 See also The human heart Structure In the human body the heart is situated slightly to the left of the middle of the thorax, behind the breastbone (sternum). It is enclosed by a sac known as the pericardium and is surrounded by the lungs. It weighs about 300~350.
Graves-Basedow disease - Graves-Basedow disease Medicine > Endocrinology > Graves-Basedow disease Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definition 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Historical background 4 Bibliography Definition Graves-Basedow disease is a disorder characterized by a triad of hyperthyroidism, goitre, and exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs). Etiology unknown, it may be related to a malfunction of the immune system. Female dominance, ratio 4: 1; onset is commonly in the third to fifth decades of life. The severe form of exophthalmos occurs only in a minority of patients with the disorder, and is also known as infiltrative opthalmopathy, Graves' opthalmopathy, or Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). Signs and symptoms The symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias, increased pulse rate, weight loss in the presence of increased appetite, intolerance to heat, elevated basal metabolism rate, profuse sweating, apprehension, weakness,.
Foot and mouth disease - Foot and mouth disease Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), sometimes called hoof-and-mouth disease, is a highly contagious viral disease of cattle and pigs. It can also infect deer, goats, sheep, and other animals with cloven hooves, as well as elephants, rats, and hedgehogs. Horses are not susceptible to FMD. The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler. He passed the blood of an infected animal through a fine porcelain-glass filter and found that the fluid that was collected could still cause the disease in healthy animals. FMD occurs throughout much of the world, including parts of Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. While currently (July 2001) some countries, including Canada, the United States, and Australia, have been free of FMD for some time,.
Degenerative diseases - Degenerative diseases A Degenerative disease is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over a lifetime whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise and eating habits. Sample degenerative diseases would be: Heart disease Atherosclerosis Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Alzheimer's disease.
Blue tongue disease - Blue tongue disease Blue tongue disease (also called catarrhal fever) is a viral disease of sheep and less frequently of cattle, goats, buffaloes, deer and antelopes. There are no reports of any human being having caught the disease, so it seems to be confined to some species of animals. The pathogenic virus is from a member of virus family called reoviridae. The disease has been observed in Australia, the USA, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. It is transmitted by biting midges, and major symptoms are high fever, excessive salivation, swelling of the face and tongue and cyanosis of the tongue. The incubation period is about 1 week, and all symptoms usually develop within one month. Swelling of the lips and tongue due to the viral infection gives.
Chagas disease - Chagas disease Chagas disease is a Mammalian disease occurring only in the Americas. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, one of the kinetoplastid flagellates, transmitted to humans by triatomine insects known in the different countries as assassin bug, vinchuca, kissing bug, chipo etc. usually Triatoma protracta. The human disease occurs in two stages: the acute stage shortly after the infection and is usually mild fever and swelling around the bite area, 10-30 % of those bitten develop the chronic stage which appears after several years. The disease affects the nervous system and heart. Chronic infections result in various neurological disorders, including dementia, damage to the heart muscle, and sometimes digestive damage (megacolon and megaesophagus). Left untreated, Chagas disease can be fatal. The disease was named.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a brain disorder characterized by memory loss, jerky movements, gait disorder, rigid posture, and seizures due to a rapid loss of cerebral cells caused by transmissible proteins called prions. The disease is correctly diagnosed in anywhere from one to two people per million and it usually appears in mid-life with an average disease onset age of 50. The prion that is believed to cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob exhibits an amino acid sequence and configuration which makes it insoluble in water, while the normal protein is highly soluble. So, as the numbers of defective prion proteins propagate and increase exponentiallyly, the process leads to a huge load of insoluble prions in affected cells. This load of proteins disrupts cell function and causes cell death. Once.
Vegetarianism - have Seventh-Day Adventists. In the nineteenth century, members of the Bible Christian sect established the first vegetarian groups in England and the United States. Rastafarians generally follow a diet called "I-tal," which eschews the eating of food that has been artificially preserved, flavoured, or chemically altered in any way. Many Rastafarians consider it to also forbid the eating of meat. Genesis 1:29 states "And God said: Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree that has seed-yielding fruit - to you it shall be for food." According to many classical Jewish Bible commentators, this means that God's original plan was for mankind to be vegetarian. According to many rabbis, God later gave permission for man to eat meat.
Kenneth E. Hagin - for nearly 70 years from the time that he claimed "God miraculously healed him of a deformed heart and an incurable blood disease at the age of 17". He also claimed that "he was raised from a deathbed in 1934 by the revelation of faith in God’s Word". Known as the “father of the modern faith movement,” Rev. Hagin was a dynamic preacher, teacher, and prophet known for ministering healing and for the message of faith. Since its inception, Kenneth Hagin Ministries has expanded to include numerous media outreaches and ministries. These include Faith Library Publications, which has more than 65 million books in print; RHEMA Praise, a weekly television program; Faith Seminar of the Air, a radio program which is heard on scores of stations nationwide and on the Internet.
Korotkoff sounds - at the Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg. If a stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery in the cubital fossa in a normal person (without arterial disease), no sound should be audible. As the heart beats, these pulses are transmitted smoothly throughout the arteries and no sound is produced. If you place the cuff of a sphygmomanometer around a patient's upper arm and inflate the pressure above the patient's systolic blood pressure, there will similarly be no sound audible. This is because the pressure in the cuff is high enough such that it completely occludes the blood flow. Think of a flexible tube or pipe with fluid in it that is being pinched shut. Now, if the pressure is dropped to just slightly below the patient's systolic blood pressure, the.
