JOHNNIAC - JOHNNIAC The JOHNNIAC or John (v. Neumann) Integrator and Automatic Computer, an early computer built by RAND, was based on the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) architecture developed by John von Neumann and named in his honor. As with all computers of its era, it was a one of a kind machine that could not exchange programs with other computers (even other IAS machines). JOHNNIAC operated from 1953 until February 11, 1966, logging over 50,000 operational hours. After two "rescues" from the scrap heap, the machine currently resides at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California..
JOSS programming language - JOSS programming language JOSS (The JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was developed by J.C. (Cliff) Shaw at RAND Corporation to allows users to use a computer interactively. JOSS enabled up to twelve people to share the computer simultaneously. This made it one of the first time-sharing systems to become available. JOSS was still available for use during the first half of the 1970s on IBM System/360 systems..
JOSS - JOSS JOSS (acronym for JOHNNIAC Open Shop System), was an early simple interactive calculator language, developed by Charles L. Baker at RAND in 1964. See: "JOSS Users' Reference Manual", R.L. Clark, Report F-1535/9, RAND Corp (Jan 1975); Sammet 1969, pp.217-226. FOLDOC import..
IAS machine - machine were widely distributed to any school or company interested in computing machines, resulting in the construction of fifteen derivative (but incompatible) computers referred to as "IAS machines". Some of these "IAS machines" were: AVIDAC (Argonne) CYCLONE (Iowa State University) ILLIAC I (University of Illinois) JOHNNIAC (RAND) MANIAC I (Los Alamos) MISTIC (Michigan State University) ORACLE (Oak Ridge) ORDVAC (Aberdeen Proving Ground) SILLIAC (University of Sydney) WEIZAC (Weizmann Institute).
IBM Executive series typewriter - 1960s: IBM Executive Model C One model of the series was introduced in the early 1970s: IBM Executive Model D Modified versions of the A, B, and C models were commonly used as "console typewriters" or terminals on many early computers (e.g., JOHNNIAC, IBM 1620, PDP-1)..
Information Processing Language - Life, this first application was developed first by hand simulation, using his children as the computing elements, while writing on and holding up note cards as the registers which contained the state variables of the program. To this day in the CRC method, object-oriented programmers still use note cards to encapsulate simple attributes of the roles played by the programmed objects. Several versions of IPL were created: IPL-I (never implemented), IPL-II (1957 for JOHNNIAC), IPL-III (existed briefly), IPL-IV, IPL-V (1958, for IBM 650, IBM 704, IBM 7090, many others. Widely used), IPL-VI. However the language was soon displaced by Lisp, which had similar features but a simpler syntax and the benefit of automatic garbage collection. Publications Newell, Allen, and Fred M. Tonge. 1960. "An Introduction to Information Processing Language V." CACM.
Typewriter - mainly by people without access to, or the training to use, a computer, and for specialized applications such as filling out forms. However they are still commonly used in poor countries which lack access to computers or to an electricity supply. QWERTY typewriter de facto standard In some of those countries it is possible, in medium sized towns or large villages, to go to the public square and find individuals who gather there with their old but sturdy typewriters. These individuals rent out their services as letter writers, on the spot. They have illiterate or semi-literate customers who tell them what they want in their letters and they also have literate individuals who do not own a typewriter and wish to send a well done letter to an official or some.
