Jainism - Jainism Jainism (Jaina) is an Indian religion based, most immediately, upon the teachings of Mahavira (599-527 BC); but, according to many Jains, the religion was founded by Rishabhadeva (c.1500 BC). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview of Jainism 1.1 Digambaras and Svetambaras 2 Jain cosmology 3 Beliefs and practices 3.2 Jain Prayer 4 References Overview of Jainism Beginning as a Hindu reform movement, Jainism became as an independent religion by the 6th century BC. The primary historical figures of Jainism are the Tirthankaras. Jainism has three main variants: Digambara, Shvetambara, and Sthanakavasis. Jains believe in ahimsa, asceticism, karma, samsara, and the jiva; their primary scripture is the Siddhanta. At 6 million adherents, Jainism is the smallest of the 10 major world religions. There are 6000 Jain.
Vegetarianism - of God-authorized human meat-eating.) In Chinese societies, "simple eating" (素食 su4shi2) refers to a particular restricted diet associated with Taoist monks, and sometimes practiced by members of the general population during Taoist festivals. It is referred to by the English word "vegetarian;" however, though it rejects meat, eggs and milk, this diet does include oysters and oyster products. Fructarians (more commonly called "fruitarians") eat only fruit, nuts, seeds and other plant matter that can be gathered without harming the plant. Thus a fructarian will eat beans, tomatoes, cucumbers, pumpkins and the like, but will refuse to eat potatoes or spinach. The following is not generally considered vegetarianism: Some people choose to avoid certain types of meat for many of the same reasons that others choose vegetarianism -- health, ethical beliefs, and.
Vedic civilization - often got a ceremonial gift, bali, from the people. Society and economy Rig Vedic society was characterized by a nomadic lifestyle with cattle rearing being the chief occupation. The Aryans kept hordes of cattle and cows were held in high esteem. Milk was an important part of the diet. Agriculture was of equal importance and went hand in hand with cattle rearing. It grew more prominent with time as the community settled down. The cow was also the standard unit of barter; coins were not used in this period. Families were patrilineal, and people prayed for abundance of sons. Education of women was not neglected, and some even composed Rig Vedic hymns. Marriage for love as well as for money was known. The concept of caste and hereditary nature of profession.
Jiva - Jiva In Jainism, the jiva is analogous to the soul. Jainists believe that the jiva, often via reincarnation, can eventually transcend the miseries of life; thus escaping samsara, via moksha; in order to accomplish this, one should strive to avoid materialism and seek to "purify" one's personal ethics -- one who accomplishes this, is a Jina (winner or conqueror). See also: Tirthankara.
Indian architecture - where religion did not seem to play an active role. Later the Aryans reverted to the village as a unit of life. The evolution of Hinduism as a synthesis of Dravidian and Aryan gods, and the two other important religions, Buddhism and Jainism, gave rise to a rich and varied range of buildings for worship. The Dravidian and the Indo-Aryan style of temple architecture are epitomised in productions such as the magnificient Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, and the Sun Temple at Konark. The pyramid formed an essential architectonic element in any temple composition- stepped in the former style, stepped and slightly curved in the latter style. The structural system was essentially trabeated.Stone was the basic raw material for the Indian craftsman.Decoration was fundamental to Indian architecture and is seen in the.
History of India - contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Vedic India 2 Rise of Jainism and Buddhism 3 Mauryan Period 4 The Classical Age 5 Pallavas 6 Chalukya Empire 7 Chola Empire 8 Karnataka Empire 9 Muslim Invasion 10 Mughal Dynasty 11 British Colonial Period 12 1947 Onwards 13 Timeline approximate 14 Political timeline 14.1 Traditional 14.2 322 BC onwards 15 See also 16.
Golden Rule - others. To be able to judge of others by what is nigh in ourselves;– this may be called the art of virtue." Analects of Confucius 6:30, Confucianism, tr. James Legge. [1] ~500 BCE "one word that can serve as a principle of conduct for life [is] reciprocity. Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire." - Doctrine of the Mean 13.3, Confucianism. 500 BCE "Therefore, neither does he [, a sage,] cause violence to others nor does he make others do so." - Acarangasutra 5.101-2, Jainism. 400 BCE "Do not do to others what would anger you if done to you by others." - Socrates. 150s BCE "This is the sum of duty: Do naught unto others which would cause you pain if done to you." - Mahabharata.
Gujarat State, India - sixth largest city in India. The basis for creation (demarcation) of the state in its present form on May 1, 1960 was linguistic majority (Gujarati). The primary language is Gujarati. The majority of people are Hindus, with significant percentage following Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, Zoroastrianism and Christianity. There is a large Muslim minority, and Gujarat recently suffered through major religious conflict, in particular the 2002 Gujarat violence. The state government is a stronghold of the Sangh Parivar. Gujarat is a state with a reputation for people with shrewd business acumen and considerable financial talent. But apart from this stereotypical image, there have been Gujaratis with various other talents. Gujarat has given to India two of its biggest leaders in the Indian Independence Movement, Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Gujaratis have also.
Dharma - extended sense in philosophies and religions of Indian origin, such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. In scripture, dharma is probably best left untranslated; common translations include "right way of living", "Divine Law", "Path of Righteousness", "rule", "fundamental" and "duty". Dharma may be used to refer to "rules" of the operation of the mind or universe in a metaphysical system, or to rules of comportment in an ethical system. Hinduism also includes a deity, the personification of dharma, called Dharma, usually identified with Yama, the god of Death. He is a son of Brahma. Other uses include, in Buddhist philosophy, "constituent factor" in the sense of factors which were first enumerated as constituents of human experience, but then gradually expanded into a classification of constituents of the entire material and mental world..
Ahimsa - as Martin Luther King Jr, engaged in non-violent protests. The more recent popularity of yoga in The West has also served to introduce many westerners to Ahimsa and other vedic concepts. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Jainism 2 Yoga 3 Gandhi 4.
April 12 - - Harry S. Truman is inaugurated as the 33rd President of the United States. 1946 - Syria gains independence from France 1961 - Yuri Gagarin is the first man in space. 1968 - Nerve gas accident at Skull Valley, Utah 1975 - Vietnam War: The United States embassy in Phnom Penh, Cambodia is evacuated as Khmer Rouge troops encircle the city 1981 - The first launch of a Space Shuttle: Columbia launches on the STS-1 mission. 1992 - Euro Disney opens in Marne-la-Vallee, France Births 599 BC - Mahavira, founder of Jainism 1777 - Henry Clay, American statesman and orator (†1852) 1832 - Hugo Adolph Steinheil, optician (†1893) 1856 - William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer (†1937) 1867- Sindo Garay, Cuban singer and musician (†1968).
Atheism - expedient to discourage all religions so as to weaken any possible centers of opposition to their complete control over these states. In the Soviet Union and in the People's Republic of China, some churches that submitted to strict state control were tolerated. It is notable that resistance to Communism has often found a focus in matters of religion, and Pope John Paul II is often credited with having helped to end Communism in Eastern Europe. Every military buildup in the United States since WWII has been accompanied by frequent use of the saying "There are no atheists in foxholes." During the Cold War, the fact that the communist enemies of the United States were officially atheists ("godless communists") added to the view that atheists were unreliable and unpatriotic. As recently as.
Ayodhya - opening chapters of the Ramayana recount the magnificence of the city, the glories of the monarch and the virtues, wealth and loyalty of his people. Dasaratha was the father of Rama Chandra, the hero of the epic. A period of Buddhist supremacy followed the death of the last king of the Solar dynasty. On the revival of Brahmanism, Ayodhya was restored by King Vikramaditya (c. 57 BC). Kosala is also famous as the early home of Buddhism, and of the kindred religion of Jainism, and claims to be the birthplace of the founders of both these faiths. In the 7th century, the Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang observed there were 20 Buddhist temples with 3000 monks at Ayodhya, amongst a large Brahmanical population. At the end of the 19th century, Ayodhya contained.
The Ultimate - may or may not possess discrete will, intelligence or awareness as such. Examples of religions and philosophies which embrace the concept of The Ultimate in one form or another include Taoism, Jainism, Buddhism, Shinto, Hinduism, and others. Terms which serve to identify The Ultimate among such beliefs include the Tao (the Way), Atman (Universal Spirit), Brahman (The Power), Universal Mind, Universal Intelligence, Dainichi-Nyorai (nature-substance), and numerous other apellations. Even polytheistic Eastern faiths tend to acknowedge a unifying principle which transcends their various gods. The vital essence of Man, soul, spirit, spark of awareness, is said to have originally derived in each case from The Ultimate, and to be indestructible after the nature of The Ultimate, and to be capable of returning to its source. This returning could be said to be.
Carvaka - Harappa. The Sanskrit word for atheist is naastik or nastik, and the antonym is aastik or astik, meaning "believing in what is before one's eyes". In this sense, the Charvaka school of thought is aastik rather than naastik. The Chaarvaaka's thought is characterised by an insistence on joyful living, in a word "materialism" (sometimes termed "hedonism") often used in a derogatory sense, whereas Buddhism and Jainism are known to emphasise, in a word, pity and penance respectively. In practice most people follow the Chaarvaaka ideal, a sizeable number cultivating and encouraging virtues like honesty, care for others, etc, because they are by nature generous. Not one original word of the Chaarvaaka philosophy has been preserved. While countering the argument that the Chaarvaakas opposed all that was good in the Vedic tradition,.
Chandragupta Maurya - in self-starvation [1]. Chandragupta Maurya's son Bindusara became the new Mauryan Emperor by inheriting an empire that included the Hindu Kush, Narmada, Vindhyas, Mysore, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Assam, Baluchistan and Afghanistan. Mauryan Empire The Mauryan empire owes its name to the house of the Mauryas, under whose rule the Indian subcontinent saw, for the first time in history, a considerable degree of political unity. The empire lasted until 187 BC. The Mauryan empire was very strong and independent because it had some kind of political unity. Everything starts at the Mauryan capital. The Mauryan capital was at Pataliputra (present day Patna), the chief city of the old kingdom of Magadha. The economy, in all its important aspects, was controlled by the state, and mines, forests, large farms, munitions, and spinning industries.
Conservation - and altering the land from which his sustenance derives. ''here introduce specific concerns like supporting populations, global warming, biodiversity, the value of wilderness, fish and timber harvest, etc,etc. Usage of term In common usage, the term refers to the activity of systematically protecting natural resources such as forests, including biological diversity. Carl F. Jordan defines the term in his book Replacing Quantity With Quality As a Goal for Global Management "biological conservation as being a philosophy of managing the environment in a manner that does not despoil, exhaust or extinguish." While that usage is not new, the idea of biological conservation has been applied to the principles of ecology, biogeography, anthropology, economy and sociology to maintain biodiversity. Even the term "conservation" may cover the concepts such as cultural diversity, genetic diversity.
Tithi - Astami 8 Astami 9 Navami 9 Navami 10 Dasami 10 Dasami 11 Ekadasi 11 Ekadasi 12 Dvadasi 12 Dvadasi 13 Trayodasi 13 Trayodasi 14 Caturdasi 14 Caturdasi 15 Amavasya (new moon) 15 Purnima (full moon) Ekadasi, the eleventh day of each lunar fortnight, has special religious significance in Hinduism and Jainism—usually observed by fasting..
Tirthankara - Tirthankara In Jainism, a Tirthankara ("Fordmaker") is a human who achieved enlightenment, became a Jina, and whose religious teachings have formed the canon of Jainism; although not Gods, statues of Tirthankaras are found in temples. Each Tirthankara is associated with an animal, object, or other such symbol. Tirthankaras are so-named because they were the founders of "tirtha". which were communities of Jainists said to act as a "ford across the river of human misery". All the Tirthankaras are said to have been princes, who adopted asceticism; except for the 19th, which Svetambaras believe to have been a woman. Many scholars believe that only the last two Tirthankaras actually existed. List of Tirthankaras 1 -- Rishabhadeva 23 -- Parsvanatha 24 -- Mahavira.
Samsara - Samsara In Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, Samsara is the doctrine according to which the world is seen as illusory and earthly life as an undesireable state one should strive to overcome, because of the impermanence of phenomena and disease (Buddhism) or because of separation from God (Hinduism). Samsara is the cause of reincarnation, has no beginning and can only be ended by enlightenment. In Buddhism, samsara is believed to be perpetuated by one's desires alone. In Hinduism and Jainism, karma, anuva (ego) and the veil of maya are considered as additional factors. Buddhism teaches that when one frees from samsara he reaches nirvana; in Hinduism and Jainism, liberation from samsara is called moksha or mukti. The possible means of achieving enlightenment differ from tradition to tradition, and generally.
