Jean-Baptiste Bessières - Jean-Baptiste Bessières Jean Baptiste Bessières, duke of Istria (1763 - 1813) was a French marshal. Bessieres was born near Cahors. He served for a short time in the "Constitutional Guard" of Louis XVI and as a non-commissioned officer took part in the war against Spain. In the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees and in the Army of the Moselle he repeatedly distinguished himself for valour, and in 1796, as captain, he served in Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian campaign. At Roveredo his conduct brought him to his chief's notice, and after the Battle of Rivoli he was sent to France to deliver the captured colours to the Directory. Hastening back to the front, he accompanied Napoleon in the invasion of Styria in command of the "Guides," who formed.
Jean-Baptiste Say - Jean-Baptiste Say Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) was a French economist and businessman. He had liberal views and argued in favour of competition, free trade and lifting restraints on business. Say is well know for Say's law, often summarised as "Supply creates its own demand". He argued that production and sale of goods in an economy automatically produces an income for the producers of the same value, which would then be reinjected into the economy and create enough demand to buy the goods. Thus production is determined by the supply of goods rather than demand. Unemployment of men, land or other resources would not be possible unless it were by choice, or due to some kind of restraint on trade. He was also among the first to argue.
Jean Baptiste Biot - Jean Baptiste Biot Jean-Baptiste Biot (April 21 1774, Paris-February 3 1862, Paris) was a French physicist and mathematician who in the early 1800s studied the relationship between electrical current and magnetism (see Biot-Savart's Law), as well as the polarisation of light passing through chemical solutions. He was the first person to discover the optical difference of mica, and therefor the mineral biotite was named after him. In 1804 he made a hot-air balloon ascent with Joseph Gay-Lussac to a height of five kilometres in an early investigation of the Earth's atmosphere..
Jean-Baptiste Lully - Jean-Baptiste Lully Jean-Baptiste Lully, originally Giovanni Battista Lulli (November 28, 1632 - March 22, 1687), was an Italian born composer, who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France. He took French citizenship in 1661. Born in Florence, the son of a miller, Lully had very little education, musical or otherwise, but learnt the guitar and violin. In 1646 he was discovered by the Duc de Guise and taken to France by him, where he entered the services of Mademoiselle de Montpensier (la Grande Mademoiselle) as scullery-boy. With the help of this lady his musical talents were cultivated. A scurrilous poem on his patroness resulted in his dismissal. He then studied the theory of music under Métra and entered the.
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier - Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (March 21, 1768 - May 16, 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist who is best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series. He was born at Auxerre in the Yonne département of France, the son of a tailor, and was educated by the Benedictines. The commissions in the scientific corps of the army were reserved for those of good birth, and being thus ineligible he accepted a military lectureship on mathematics. He took a prominent part in his own district in promoting the revolution, and was rewarded by an appointment in 1795 in the Normal school, and subsequently by a chair in the Polytechnic school. Fourier went with Napoleon on his Eastern expedition in 1798, and.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (August 1,1744-December 28,1829) was a major 19th century naturalist, who was one of the first to use the term biology in its modern sense.¹ Lamarck is usually remembered today mainly in connection with a discredited theory of heredity, the "inheritance of acquired traits," but Charles Darwin and others acknowledged him as an early exponent of ideas about evolution. In 1861, for example, Darwin wrote: "Lamarck was the first man whose conclusions on the subject excited much attention. This justly celebrated naturalist first published his views in 1801. . . he first did the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all changes in the organic, as well as in the inorganic world, being the.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert - Jean-Baptiste Colbert Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) was born on the 6th of September and served as the French minister of finance, for 22 years, under King Louis XIV. He is notable for his work at improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the "brink" of bankruptcy; although, historians note, since Louis spent so much money (on luxury and wars) -- France actually became increasingly impoverished. Colbert worked to create a favourable balance of trade and increase France's colonial holdings. He is considered to be a key figure, in the history of mercantilism. Colbert's market reforms included the importation of Venetian glass and Flemish cloth manufacturing to France. He also founded a royal tapestry works, at Beauvais. Colbert worked to improve the economy.
Jean Baptiste Sylvere Gay, Vicomte de Martignac - Jean Baptiste Sylvere Gay, Vicomte de Martignac Jean Baptiste Sylvere Gay, Vicomte de Martignac (June 20, 1778 - April 3, 1832), French statesman, was born at Bordeaux. In 1798 he acted as secretary to Sieyès; then after serving for a while in the army, he turned to literature, producing several light plays. Under the Empire he practised with success as an advocate at Bordeaux, where in 1818 he became advocate-general of the cour royale. In 1819 he was appointed procureur-géneral at Limoges, and in 1821 was returned for Marmande to the Chamber of Deputies, where he supported the policy of Villele. In 1822 he was appointed councillor of state, in 1823 he accompanied the duc d'Angouléme to Spain as civil commissary; in 1824 he was created.
Jean Baptiste Massillon - Jean Baptiste Massillon Jean Baptiste Massillon (June 24, 1663-1742) was a French churchman and preacher, Bishop of Clermont from 1717 until his death. He was born at Hyères, where his father was a royal notary. At the age of eighteen he joined the Congregation of the Oratory and taught for a time in the colleges of his order at Pézenas, and Montbrison and at the Seminary of Vienne. On the death of Henri de Villars, Archbishop of Vienne, in 1693, he was commissioned to deliver a funeral oration, and this was the beginning of his fame. In obedience to Cardinal de Noailles, Archbishop of Paris, he left the Cistercian abbey of Sept-Fonds, to which he had retired, and settled in Paris, where he was placed at.
Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, comte de Villele - Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, comte de Villele Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Seraphin, comte de Villèle (April 14, 1773 - March 13, 1854), French statesman, was born at Toulouse and educated for the navy. He joined the "Bayonnaise" at Brest in July 1788 and served in the West and East Indies. Arrested in the Isle of Bourbon under the Terror, he was set free by the revolution of Thermidor (July 1794). He acquired some property in the island, and married in 1799 the daughter of a great proprietor, M. Desbassyns de Richemont, whose estates he had managed. His apprenticeship to politics was served in the Colonial Assembly of Bourbon, where he fought successfully to preserve the colony from the consequences of perpetual interference from the authorities in.
Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot - Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (July 26, 1796 — February 22, 1875) was a French landscape painter. Camille Corot was born in Paris, in a house on the Quai by the rue du Bac, now demolished. His family were well-to-do bourgeois people, and whatever may have been the experience of some of his artistic colleagues, he never, throughout his life, felt the want of money. He was educated at Rouen and was afterwards apprenticed to a draper, but hated commercial life and despised what he called its "business tricks," yet he faithfully remained in it until he was twenty-six, wher his father at last consented to his adopting the profession of art. Ville d'Avray Painted 1867 Corot learned little from his masters. He visited Italy.
Jean Baptiste Cavaignac - Jean Baptiste Cavaignac Jean Baptiste Cavaignac (1762 - March 24, 1829) was a French politician. Born at Gourdon (Lot département). He was sent by his département as deputy to the Convention, where he associated himself with the party of the Mountain and voted for the death of Louis XVI. He was constantly employed on missions in the provinces, and distinguished himself by his rigorous repression of opponents of the revolution in the départementts of Landes, Basses-Pyrénées and Gers. With his colleague Jacques Pinet (1754-1844) he established at Bayonne a revolutionary tribunal with authority in the neighbouring towns. Charges of cruelty were preferred against him by a local society before the Convention in 1795, but were dismissed. He had represented the Convention in the armies of Brest.
Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire - Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire Jean Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (March 12, 1802 - November 22, 1861), was a French ecclesiastic and orator. He was born at Recey-sur-Ource, Côte d'Or, the second of four children. The eldest, Jean Theodore Lacordaire, later became professor of comparative anatomy at Liège. For several years Lacordaire studied at Dijon, showing a marked talent for rhetoric; this led him to a legal career, and in the local debates of the advocates he attained a high celebrity. At Paris he thought of going on the stage, but was induced to finish his legal training and began to practise as an advocate (1817-1824). Meanwhile Lamennais had published his Essai sur l'Indifference--a passionate plea for Christianity and in particular for Roman Catholicism as necessary for the social.
Jean-Baptiste Drouet - Jean-Baptiste Drouet Jean-Baptiste Drouet (1763 - April 11, 1824), French Revolutionist, chiefly noted for the part he played in the arrest of Louis XVI at Varennes, was born at Sainte-Menehould. He served for seven years in the army, and afterwards assisted his father, who was post-master of his native town. The carriages conveying the royal family on their flight to the frontier stopped at his door on the evening of June 21 1791; and the passengers, travelling under assumed names, were recognized by Drouet, who immediately took steps which led to their arrest and detection on reaching Varennes. For this service the Assembly awarded him 30,000 francs, but he appears to have declined the reward. In September 1792 he was elected deputy to the Convention, and.
Jean Baptiste Kléber - Jean Baptiste Kléber Jean Baptiste Kléber (9 March 1753 - 14 June 1800) was a French general. Kléber was born in Strasbourg, where his father worked as a builder. He received, partly at Paris, training in architecture, but his opportune assistance to two German nobles in a tavern brawl obtained for him a nomination to the military school of Munich. Thence he obtained a commission in the Austrian army, but resigned it in 1783 on finding his humble birth in the way of his promotion. On returning to France he received the appointment of inspector of public buildings at Belfort, where be studied fortification and military science. In 1792 he enlisted in the Haut-Rhin volunteers, and was from his military knowledge at once elected adjutant and.
Jean-Baptiste Gail - Jean-Baptiste Gail Jean-Baptiste Gail (July 4, 1755 - February 5, 1829), French hellenist, was born in Paris. In 1791 he was appointed deputy, and in 1792 titular professor at the College de France. During the Revolution he quietly performed his professional duties, taking no part in politics, although he possessed the faculty of ingratiating himself with those in authority. In 1815 he was appointed by the king keeper of Greek manuscripts in the royal library over the heads of the candidates proposed by the other conservators, an appointment which made him many enemies. Gail imagined that there was an organized conspiracy to belittle his learning and professional success, and there was a standing quarrel between him and his literary opponents, the most distinguished of whom was.
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan - Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Jean-Baptiste, Count Jourdan (April 29, 1762 - November 23, 1833), was a marshal of France. He was born at Limoges, and apprenticed to a silk merchant of Lyons. In 1776 he enlisted in a French regiment to serve in the American War of Independence, and after being invalided in 1784 he married and set up in business at Limoges. At the outbreak of the French Revolution he volunteered, and as a subaltern took part in the first campaigns in the north of France. His rise was even more rapid than that of Hoche and Marceau. By 1793 he had become a general of division, and was selected by Carnot to succeed Houchard as commander-in-chief of the Army of the North; and on 15-16 October.
Jean-Baptiste Berthelin - Jean-Baptiste Berthelin Jean-Baptiste Berthelin, also known informally as Cochonfucius, is a French cognitive science researcher. He is connected to the Human-Machine Communication Department of the Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI). He was one of the team responsible for translating Douglas Hofstadter's book Metamagical Themas into French, the others being Jean-Luc Bonnetain and Lise Rosenbaum. The translation was published by InterEditions, in 1988, under the title Ma Themagie..
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau - Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (July 1, 1725 - May 10, 1807), French soldier, was born at Vendôme (Loir-et-Cher). He was originally destined for the church and was brought up at the Jesuit college at Blois, but after the death of his elder brother he entered a cavalry regiment, served in Bohemia and Bavaria and on the Rhine, and in 1747 had attained the rank of colonel He took part in the siege of Maestricht 111 1748, became governor of Vendôme in 1749, and after distinguishing himself in 1756 in the Minorca expedition was promoted brigadier of infantry. In 1758 he fought in Germany, notably at Crefeld, received several wounds in the battle of Clostercamp (1760),.
Jean-Baptiste Gaston, duc d'Orléans - Jean-Baptiste Gaston, duc d'Orléans Jean-Baptiste Gaston, duc d'Orléans (April 25, 1608 - February 2, 1660), third son of the French king Henry IV, and his wife Marie de 'Medici, was born at Fontainebleau. Known at first as the duke of Anjou, he was created duke of Orléans in 1626, and was nominally in command of the army which besieged La Rochelle in 1628, having already entered upon that course of political intrigue which was destined to occupy the remainder of his life. On two occasions he was obliged to leave France for conspiring against the government of his mother and of Cardinal Richelieu; and after waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc, he took refuge in Flanders. Reconciled with his brother Louis XIII, he plotted against Richelieu.
