John Maynard Smith - John Maynard Smith John Maynard Smith is a classical geneticist and leading theorist in evolutionary biology. His contributions also include work as an aeronautical engineer, and as a game theory mathematician. The son of a surgeon, he was inspired by a science fiction story by Olaf Stapledon, named Last and First Men. Purportedly, Arthur C. Clarke was inspired to write science fiction stories by reading the same book, from the same public library. John Maynard Smith applied the zero-sum contests and win-win evaluation schemes from game theory to show that competition among males of a species would not tend to be lethal, but would have limited actual fighting and a large quantity of posturing and other non-aggressive display behaviour. This game-theoretic explanation has been largely accepted.
John Smith - John Smith John Smith is popularly regarded as the most prevalent personal name in England and in some other English-speaking countries. For this reason there are a number of famous people of that name including: John Smith of Jamestown an American colonial pioneer John Smith (American football player), a former placekicker with the New England Patriots John Smith (brewer), founder of the Tadcaster brewery in North Yorkshire John Smith (dentist), founder of the Edinburgh school of dentistry John Smith (missionary) John Smith (Scottish politician) at one time, leader of the UK Labour Party John Smith (Welsh politician), a Welsh MP for the Labour Party John B. Smith, former Governor of New Hampshire John Bayard Smith, signer of the American Articles of Confederation from Pennsylvania John Christopher.
J. B. S. Haldane - J. B. S. Haldane John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (1892 - 1964), British geneticist, one of the founders (along with Fisher and Wright) of population genetics. His famous book, The Causes of Evolution (1932), was the first major work of what came to be known as the "modern evolutionary synthesis", reestablishing natural selection as the premier mechanism of evolution by explaining it in terms of the mathematical consequences of Mendelian genetics. He was also a great science popularizer, and was perhaps the Stephen Jay Gould or Richard Dawkins of his day. His essay, Daedalus or Science and the Future (1923), was remarkable in predicting many scientific advances but has been criticized for presenting a too idealistic view of scientific progress. Haldane was himself a very idealistic man, and.
Joseph Schumpeter - mathematics of his day - they need the language of non-linear dynamical systems to be partially formalized. Schumpeter's vast erudition is apparent in his posthumous History of Economic Analysis, although some of his judgments seem quite idiosyncratic. For instance, Schumpeter thought that the greatest 18th century economist was Turgot, not Adam Smith. Some of these judgments are partly explained by his opinion that there is one general system of economic analysis, and Leon Walras found it. Other economists are rated by how much of Walras' theory could be read into them. Schumpeter criticized John Maynard Keynes and David Ricardo for the "Ricardian vice". According to Schumpeter, Ricardo and Keynes reasoned in terms of abstract models, where they would freeze all variables but a couple. Then they could argue that one caused.
June 5 - leaders. 1944 - World War II: Rome falls to the Allies. It is the first capital of an Axis nation to fall 1944 - World War II: More than 1000 British bombers drop 5000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day 1947 - Marshall Plan: United States Secretary of State George Marshall calls for economic aid to war-torn Europe 1959 - The first government of the State of Singapore is sworn in 1963 - British Secretary of State for War John Profumo resigns in a sex scandal 1967 - Six-Day War: The Israeli air force launches simultaneous attacks on the air forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria 1968 - Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by.
History of the United States (1945-1964) - that came to be called the Oder-Neisse Line. Aside from a few minor adjustments, this would be the "iron curtain" of the Cold War. In hindsight, Yalta signified the agreement of both sides that they could stay there and that neither side would use force to push the other out. This tacit accord applied to Asia as well, as evinced by US occupation of Japan and the division of Korea. Politically, therefore, Yalta was an agreement on the postwar status quo in which Soviet Union hegemony reigned over about one third and the United States over two thirds. And there were fundamental contrasts between the visions of the United States and the Soviet Union, between capitalism and communism. And those contrasts had been simplified and refined in national ideologies to represent.
Game theory - be applied to simple games of entertainment or to more significant aspects of life and society. An example of the application of game theory to real life is the prisoner's dilemma as popularized by mathematician Albert W. Tucker; it has many implications for the nature of human cooperation. Biologists have used game theory to understand and predict certain outcomes of evolution, such as the concept of evolutionarily stable strategy introduced by John Maynard Smith in his essay Game Theory and the Evolution of Fighting. See also Maynard Smith's book Evolution and the Theory of Games. Other branches of mathematics, in particular probability, statistics and linear programming, are commonly used in conjunction with game theory to analyse games. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Types of games and examples 2 Risk aversion 3.
Gloster Gladiator - in the defence of Malta, where for a brief period three Sea Gladiator aircraft, named Faith, Hope and Charity formed the entire air defence of the island. In the Far East the Gladiator fared little better against the modern machines of the Japanese than it had against the Germans. It played a part in the short-lived defense of Singapore. Carrier based Gladiators were more successful, since its slower speed made it more suitable for carrier operations and it was less likely to be facing modern figher opposition. The Gladiator was also exported for use by the air forces of 13 other countries. Quotes Anonymous Maltese "[The Gladiators] worked miracles and must have frightened the Italians." (1 - p.37) See also: F. H. Maynard Notable Gloster Gladiator Pilots John H. Lapsley External.
Group selection - on groups, regardless of the fitness of individuals within that group. While theoretically possible, critiques, particularly by George C. Williams (1966), John Maynard Smith (1964) and C.M. Perrins (1964) cast serious doubt on group selection as a major mechanism in evolutionary history. Genetic variation, the raw material of selection, is much higher between individuals than it is between groups, particularly as groups grow larger. This tendency means that alleles are likely to be held on a population-wide level, leaving nothing for group selection to select for. In addition, most phenotypes, particularly physical ones, are not highly heritable in the first place. Additionally, generation time is much longer for groups than it is for individuals. Assuming conflicting selection pressures, individual selection will occur much faster, swamping any changes potentially favored by group.
Evolutionarily stable strategy - idea of an evolutionarily stable strategy (or ESS) was introduced by John Maynard Smith (with impetus from George Price) in an essay on "Game Theory and the Evolution of Fighting". It was also used by Robert Axelrod in his work described in The Evolution of Cooperation, in the context of strategies used to compete at the iterated prisoner's dilemma. An ESS depends on the idea of invasion, where a population of strategy-X players is visited by a strategy-Y player. The new player is said to invade if, following strategy Y, he scores better than the average strategy-X player. Assuming players are able to choose and switch strategies, this would induce the indigenous population to start switching to strategy Y. In many cases there are diminishing returns for the later adopters, and.
Deaths in 2003 - 10 March 2003 11 February 2003 12 January 2003 December 2003 31 Yoshio Shirai, 80, first Japanese world boxing champion 30 John Gregory Dunne, 71, American novelist and screenwriter 30 Anita Mui, 40, Hong Kong pop queen 29 Earl Hindman, 61, U.S. actor, played "Wilson" on Home Improvement TV series 29 Bob Monkhouse, 75, British comedian and game show host 28 Isabelle Stevenson, chairman of the board of the American Theatre Wing, presenters of the Tony Awards. [1] 27 Ivan Calderon, (41 years) Puerto Rican former major league baseball star 27 Sir Alan Bates, British actor 22 Dave Dudley, 75, Country music singer 20 John Halfpenny Australian unionist (68 years) 19 Hope Lange, actress in Peyton Place 19 Peter Carter-Ruck UK libel lawyer (89 years) 17 Ed Devereaux, Australian actor 17.
Denny Party - 1861), and her brother Carson Boren. Denny is reported to have been quite ill throughout the journey, but remained firmly the group's leader. On July 6, 1851, they escaped unscathed from a battle with Indians at American Falls on the Snake River. The following day, they met up with John Low, who joined the group. Some time in late July at Burnt River in Eastern Oregon, they encountered a man named Brock, who convinced Denny that Puget Sound would be a good place to found a town. They arrived in Portland, Oregon on August 22, 1851, with Denny too ill to travel further and Mary Ann nearly ready to give birth. On September 2, she gave birth to a son, Rolland H. Denny. With the Denny couple laid low, John Low.
1964 in music - Ed Sullivan show, which breaks television ratings records. February 16 - The Beatles appear on the Ed Sullivan show. February 23 - The Beatles appear on the Ed Sullivan show. March - Capitol Records is bombarded with requests for heavyweight boxing champion Cassius Clay's album, I Am the Greatest, following Clay's defeat of Sonny Liston in February. March 6 - Elvis Presley's 14th motion picture, Kissin' Cousins is released to theaters. March 14 - Billboard Magazine reports that sales of Beatle records make up 60% of the entire singles market. March 16 - Disc jockey Alan Freed is charged with tax evasion. March 21 - For the first time in history, all Top Ten singles on the U.K. chart are by British acts. March 24 - John Lennon's first book, In.
1928 in music - Blues" w.m. Spencer Williams "Because My Baby Don't Mean Maybe Now" w.m. Walter Donaldson "Bill" w. P.G. Wodehouse & Oscar Hammerstein II "Button Up Your Overcoat" w. B.G. DeSylva & Lew Brown m. Ray Henderson "Can't Help Loving Dat Man" w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern "Carolina Moon" w. Benny Davis m. Joe Burke "Cherry" w.m. Don Redman "Chiquita" w. L. Wolfe Gilbert m. Mabel Wayne "C-O-N-S-T-A-N-T-I-N-O-P-L-E" w.m. Harry Carlton "Coquette" w. Gus Kahn m. Carmen Lombardo & John Green "Cow Cow Blues" m. Charles Davenport "Crazy Rhythm" w. Irving Caesar m. Joseph Mayer & Roger Wolfe Kahn "Dance, Little Lady" w.m Noel Coward "Diga Diga Doo" w. Dorothy Fields m. Jimmy McHugh "Doin' The New Low-Down" w. Dorothy Fields m. Jimmy McHugh "Doin' The Raccoon" w. Raymond Klages m. J. Fred Coots "Don't Look.
1965 in sports - Rindt / Masten Gregory won, driving a Ferrari 275LM Rally racing - the team of Timo Makinen / Paul Easter won the Monte Carlo Rally driving a Mini Cooper S Drag racing: Don Garlits won the NHRA, "Top Fuel" Championship Maynard Rupp won "Top Fuel" at the NHRA World Finals Baseball World Series: Los Angeles Dodgers win 4 games to 3 over the Minnesota Twins. The Series MVP was Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles. Basketball NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: UCLA wins 91-80 over Michigan NBA Finals: Boston Celtics win 4 games to 1 over the Los Angeles Lakers Boxing March 30 - Jose Torres won the Light Heavyweight Championship of the World, stopping Willie Pastrano in nine rounds, at New York's Madison Square Garden. Cycling Giro d'Italia won by Vittorio Adorni of.
April 21 - this date 1912 - The New York Giants and New York Yankees play an exhibition game to benefit survivors of the Titanic. 1953 - Roy Cohn and G. David Schine, two of Senator Joseph McCarthy's chief aides, recommend the removal of 30,000 books from the libraries of the United States Information Service posts in Europe, including works by Dashiell Hammett, W. E. B. Du Bois, Herman Melville, John Steinbeck and Henry David Thoreau, calling them "pro-Communist" 1970 - Hutt River Province secedes from the Commonwealth of Australia 1975 - Vietnam War: President of South Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu flees Saigon, as Xuan Loc, the last South Vietnamese outpost blocking a direct North Vietnamese assault on Saigon, falls 1994 - The first discovery of extrasolar planets are announced by astronomer Alexander Wolszczan..
Casualties of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: FDNY - - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z FDNY The FDNY lost 343 firefighters and the chaplain. FDNY casualties by rank FDNY casualties by company There were 75 firehouses in which at least one member was killed. Battalion 1 Chief Matthew Lancelot Ryan, 54 Lt. Paul Thomas Mitchell, 46 Battalion 2 Chief William McGovern, 49 Chief Richard Prunty, 57 Faustino Apostol, Jr, 55 Battalion 4 Lt. Thomas O'Hagan, 43 Battalion 6 Chief John P. Williamson, 46 Battalion 7 Chief Orio J. Palmer, 45 Lt. Stephen G. Harrell, 44 Lt. Philip Scott.
Copley Medal - made annually, others at different intervals according to their terms of reference). The Copley Medal alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences, and the winners are selected by Fellows of the Society. Past laureates include: 1731 Stephen Gray 1732 Stephen Gray 1739 Stephen Hales 1744 Henry Baker 1748 James Bradley 1749 John Harrison 1753 Benjamin Franklin 1759 John Smeaton 1772 Joseph Priestley 1775 Nevil Maskelyne 1776 James Cook 1781 William Herschel 1784 Edward Waring 1787 John Hunter 1794 Alessandro Volta 1802 William Hyde Wollaston 1805 Humphry Davy 1815 David Brewster 1817 Henry Kater 1820 Hans Christian Orsted 1821 Edward Sabine 1822 William Buckland 1823 John Pond 1824 John Brinkley 1825 François Arago; Peter Barlow 1827 William Prout 1831 George Biddell Airy 1832 Michael Faraday; Simeon Poisson 1835 William Snow.
Twentieth United States Congress - Allen (Representative), Jacksonian, VA Samuel Clesson Allen (Representative), Federalist, MA Willis Alston (Representative), Jacksonian, NC John Anderson (Representative), Jacksonian, ME Samuel Anderson (Representative), -, PA William Segar Archer (Representative), Whig, VA William Armstrong (Representative), -, VA John Bailey (Representative), -, MA John Baldwin (Representative), -, CT Noyes Barber (Representative), -, CT John Strode Barbour (Representative), Jacksonian, VA Philip Pendleton Barbour (Representative), Jacksonian, VA David Barker, Jr (Representative), -, NH Stephen Barlow (Representative), -, PA Daniel Dewey Barnard (Representative), Whig, NY Isaac Dutton Barnard (Senator), Jacksonian, PA John Barney (Representative), -, MD Daniel Laurens Barringer (Representative), -, NC Ichabod Bartlett (Representative), -, NH Mordecai Bartley (Representative), -, OH David Barton (Senator), Adams, MO Burwell Bassett (Representative), Republican, VA Ephraim Bateman (Senator), Adams, NJ Edward Bates (Representative), -, MO Isaac Chapman Bates (Representative),.
Twenty-seventh United States Congress - 1841-1842 Major Political Events Members of the Twenty-seventh United States Congress John Quincy Adams (Representative), Whig, MA Julius Caesar Alford (Representative), Whig, GA Elisha Hunt Allen (Representative), Whig, ME William Allen (Senator), Democrat, OH Landaff Watson Andrews (Representative), Whig, KY Sherlock James Andrews (Representative), Whig, OH Nathan Appleton (Representative), Whig, MA William Segar Archer (Senator), Whig, VA Thomas Dickens Arnold (Representative), Whig, TN Archibald Hunter Arrington (Representative), Democrat, NC Charles Gordon Atherton (Representative), Democrat, NH John Bancker Aycrigg (Representative), Whig, NJ Alfred Babcock (Representative), Whig, NY Arthur Pendleton Bagby (Senator), Democrat, AL Osmyn Baker (Representative), Whig, MA Linn Banks (Representative), Democrat, VA Daniel Dewey Barnard (Representative), Whig, NY Alexander Barrow (Senator), Whig, LA Richard Walker Barton (Representative), Whig, VA Isaac Chapman Bates (Senator), Whig, MA Richard Henry Bayard (Senator), Anti-Jackson, DE.
