Julian calendar - Julian calendar The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, taking force in 45 BC or 709 ab urbe condita. It was chosen after consultation with Sosigenes and was obviously designed to approximate the tropical year as it was known at the time. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added every 4 years. The calendar remained in use into the 20th century in some places. However with this scheme too many leap days are added with respect to the astronomical seasons, which on average occur earlier in the calendar by about 11min per year. It is said that Caesar was aware of the discrepancy, but felt it was of little importance. In.
Revised Julian calendar - Revised Julian calendar The Revised Julian calendar is the calendar that was adopted by the Eastern Orthdox church in 1923, to replace the Julian calendar. It uses a different rule for the leap year than the Gregorian calendar, used by the rest of Christianity and by the world in general for secular purposes. In the Gregorian calendar, leap years occur in centuries only if the year is divisible by four hundred. In the Revised Julian calendar, leap years occur in centuries only if the year divided by nine hundred gives a remainder of two hundred or six hundred. The two calendars are identical for all years from 1601 until 2799. In the year 2800, a leap year will occur in the Gregorian calendar, without a leap year.
Proleptic Julian calendar - Proleptic Julian calendar The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar to dates preceding its official introduction in 45 BC. Historians since Bede have traditionally represented the years preceding AD 1 as "1 BC", "2 BC", etc. In this system the year 1 BC would be a leap year (although the leap years actually observed between 46 BC and AD 4 were erratic: see the Julian calendar article for details). (Bede and later Latin writers chose not to place the Latin zero, nulla, between BC and AD years.) To determine an interval in years across the BC/AD boundary, it is more convenient to include a year zero and represent earlier years as negative. This is the convention used in the "astronomical Julian calendar". In.
Julian day - Julian day The term Julian day has different meanings. It is sometimes confused with Julian date, which also has more than one meaning. Just as the Gregorian date is a date in the Gregorian calendar, a Julian date is a date in the Julian calendar. Some people use the term Julian date as synonymous with Julian Day or Julian Day Number. Such use makes it ambiguous, for which reason is better to reserve the term Julian date to refer to a date in the Julian calendar. The Julian Day (JD) or Julian Day Number is the time that has elapsed since noon January 1, 4713 BC (according to the proleptic Julian calendar; or November 24, 4714 BC, according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar), expressed in days.
How to compute calendars - or founding date and then count the days from that date. Labels are then assigned at the periodic cycles established by the calendar. All calendars work in this fashion. The standard Western calendar (Gregorian) began on October 15, 1582 which was a Saturday. January, March, May, July, August, October and December have 31 days. Except for February, the other months have 30 days. When a year is divisible by 400, has 29 days, when divisble by 100 (but not 400), 28 days, when divisble by 4 (but not 100) 29 days, and otherwise, 28 days. The Gregorian calendar was adopted by different areas at different times. Before that, there was the Julian Calendar. In general, the Julian calendar has the same calculation, except that it begins January 1, year 1 which.
Gregorian Calendar - Gregorian Calendar The Gregorian Calendar, a modification of the Julian calendar, was first proposed by Neapolitan doctor Aloysius Lilius, and adopted by Pope Gregory XIII on February 24, 1582 (the document was dated 1581 on account of the pope starting the year in March). The mean year in the Julian Calendar had exactly 365.25 days, but the mean tropical year duration is approximately 365.2422. As a result, every thousand years the calendar adds about 8 extraneous days, causing it to fall behind the solar year. Accuracy The Gregorian Calendar improves the approximation by skipping 3 Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar dayss long, which has an error of about 1 day per 3000 years with respect to the.
Greek Old Calendarists - Orthodox Church of Greece or from the Patriarchate of Constantinople, precipitated by disagreement over the retention of the Julian Calendar. History Up to the early 20th century, the Eastern Orthodox Church used the Julian Calendar universally, not accepting the calendric reforms of the Roman Pope Gregory XIII. Traditionally Orthodox Christian countries, including Russia, Greece, and Romania did not use the Gregorian Calendar for civil and governmental affairs up through the first decade of the 20th century. The Gregorian calendar was imposed in Russia in 1918 by a decree of the Council of People's Commissar's, but only on civil affairs. Greece did not adopt a civil Gregorian calendar until 1923. In 1924, the Synod of the Orthodox Church of Greece voted to accept an altered form of the Gregorian calendar that maintained.
Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar - Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar The Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar was a chronology published in 1650 by Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh which attempted to deduce the date of creation from biblical references and proposed that it had occurred on October 23, 4004 BC at noon. Ussher's work, more properly known as the Annales veteris testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti ("Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world"), was his contribution to the long-running theological debate on the age of the Earth. This was a major concern of many Christian scholars over the centuries. His proposed date of 4004 BC was not greatly different from the estimates of the Venerable Bede (3952 BC) or Ussher's near-contemporary, Scaliger (3950 BC). It was widely believed that the Earth's potential.
Calendar - Calendar A calendar is a system for assigning dates to days. The dates may be based on the perceived motion of astronomical objects. A calendar can also be a physical device (often paper) that illustrates the system (for example, a desktop calendar). The term is also used to indicate a particular set of planned events (for example, court calendar). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Calendar Systems 1.1 Solar Calendars 1.1.1 Days used by Solar Calendars 1.1.2 Julian and Gregorian Calendars 1.1.3 Future Reform 1.2 Lunar calendars 1.3 Fiscal Calendars 2 Calendar Subdivisions 3 Other Calendar Types 3.4 Complete and Incomplete Calendars 3.5 Pragmatic, theoretical and Mixed Calendars 4 Uses 5 Currently Used Calendars 6 List of calendars 6.6 In current use: 6.7 Obsolete: 6.8 Proposed: 7.
Christian calendar - Christian calendar A Christian Calendar organises days of the year on which Christian festivals occur. See also Liturgical year and Calendar of saints, and compare Julian calendar. Christian calendars need to be concerned with computing the date of Easter..
Coptic calendar - Coptic calendar The Coptic calendar is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. It divides the year into 13 months: 12 months of 30 days each plus an intercalary month of either five or six days, depending on whether the year is a leap year. The Coptic year begins on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month called Tout, which is equivalent to September 11 in the Gregorian calendar, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's September 12. Every fourth year is a leap year without exception, like in the Julian calendar, so the above mentioned new year dates apply only between 1900 and 2099 A.D inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is always August 29, except before.
Solar calendar - Solar calendar A solar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates the season for a given place on Earth. In a solar calendar, the year begins at approximately the same place in the cycle of seasons. To ensure this, the number of days in the year must vary from year to year. This can be done by having common years of 365 days and leap years of 366 days. The Islamic calendar is the most well known calendar that is not a solar calendar. Its year of 12 lunar months drifts slowly through the seasons. It is a lunar calendar. The following are solar calendars: Gregorian calendar Julian calendar Coptic calendar Thai solar calendar The following have lunar months and are thus lunisolar calendars: Hebrew calendar Chinese.
Soviet revolutionary calendar - Soviet revolutionary calendar The Soviet revolutionary calendar was in use in the USSR from 1929 to 1940. Shortly after the Russian Revolution Lenin had decreed to change the calendar in the Soviet Union from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. This change involved bypassing the days from February 1 till February 13 1918. Starting on October 1 1929 a new rationalized version of the calendar was introduced. In this version all months had 30 days and the remaining five days were added as holidays in between, not belonging to any month or week. These days were Lenin day after January 30 Labour Day, two days after April 30 Industry days, two days after November 7 in leap years a leap day after February 30 Also as an.
Swedish calendar - Swedish calendar The Swedish Calendar in use from March 1, 1700 until February 30, 1712 was equivalent to the Julian calendar offset by one day. In November 1699 it had been decided that Sweden would begin to adopt the New Style, or the Gregorian calendar, starting in 1700. The process would be to gradually reduce one day per year, over a period of 11 years. (Some sources say the plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740, thus gradually approaching the Gregorian Calendar over 40 years.) According to plan one leap day was reduced in 1700, but no further reductions were made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which wasn't in.
Roman calendar - Roman calendar The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Months 1.1 The example of September 1.2 An example from Shakespeare 2 Days of the week 3 Years 4 References Months To begin with it was a lunar calendar containing ten months, starting at the vernal equinox, traditionally invented by Romulus, the founder of Rome about 753 BC. However it seems to have been based on the Greek lunar calendar. The months at this time were Martius (31 days) Aprilis (30 days) Maius (31 days) Junius (30 days) Quintilis (31 days) Sextilis (30 days) September (30 days) October (31 days) November (30 days) and December (30 days).
Proleptic Gregorian Calendar - Proleptic Gregorian Calendar The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian Calendar to dates preceding its official introduction. When using the Latin numbering system, which does not include zero, it is traditional to represent the years preceding 1 as "1 BC" etc. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the Proleptic Julian calendar). When using a numbering system which includes zero, it is more convenient to include a year zero and represent earlier years as negative. This is the convention used in the "astronomical Gregorian calendar". In this system the year 0 is a leap year. Note that because around this time the Julian calendar was in actual use, historians and astronomers prefer to use the Julian Calendar. Likewise, the.
Vedic timekeeping - to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.) Years are grouped into yugas (ages): The Four Yugas 1,728,000 solar years Satya Yuga 1,296,000 solar years Treta Yuga 864,000 solar years Dwapar Yuga 432,000 solar years Kali Yuga One cycle of the above four yugas is one \mahayuga (4.32 million solar years) A manvantara consists of 71 mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years) After each manvantara follows one Sandhi Kala of the same duration as a Krita Yuga (1,728,000 solar years). (It is said that during a Sandhi Kala, the entire earth is submerged in water.) A kalpa consists of a period of 1,728,000 solar years called Adi Sandhi, followed by 14 manvantaras and Sandhi Kalas for a total of 1000 mahayugas or 4,320,000,000 (4.32 billion) solar years. Two kalpas constitue a day and.
January 1 - 1 January 1 is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining (365 in leap years). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances Events 153 BC - New Year's Day first celebrated 45 BC - Julian calendar goes into effect 404 - Last gladiator competition in Rome 1438 - Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary 1502 - Rio de Janeiro discovered 1622 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of for example March 25 in England 1651 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland 1700 - Russia accepts Julian calendar 1707 - John V becomes King of Portugal 1738 - Bouvet Island was discovered 1788.
January 15 - 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 350 days remaining (351 in leap years). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances Events 1559 - Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey. 1582 - Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland. 1759 - The British Museum opens. 1777 - American Revolutionary War: New Connecticut (present day Vermont) declares its independence. 1782 - Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage. 1844 - University of Notre Dame receives its charter from Indiana. 1870 - A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey ("A Live Jackass Kicking.
January 7 - 7 January 7 is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 358 days remaining (359 in leap years). The day is 人日 (Jinjitsu), 七草の節句 in Japan. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental possession of England. 1566 - Pius V becomes Pope. 1598 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia. 1601 - Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex leads revolt in London against Queen Elizabeth 1610 - Galileo Galilei observes the four largest moons of Jupiter for the first time. He named them and in turn the four are called the Galilean moons. 1782 - The first American commercial bank opens (Bank.
