Karl August von Hardenberg - Karl August von Hardenberg Prince Karl August von Hardenberg (May 31, 1750 - November 26, 1822), Prussian statesman, was born at Essenroda in Hanover. Biography After studying at Leipzig and Göttingen he entered the Hanoverian civil service in 1770 as councillor of the board of domains (Katnmerrat); but, finding his advancement slow, he set out--on the advice of King George III--on a course of travels, spending some time at Wetzlar, Regensburg (where he studied the mechanism of the Imperial government), Vienna and Berlin. He also visited France, the Netherlands and England, where he was kindly received by the king. On his return he married, by his father's desire, the countess Reventlow. In 1778 he was raised to the rank of privy councillor and created a count..
Heinrich Friedrich Karl, baron von und zum Stein - Heinrich Friedrich Karl, baron von und zum Stein { class=rimage } Heinrich Friedrich Karl, baron von und zum Stein (October 26, 1757 - June 29, 1831), German statesman, was born at the family estate near Nassau. He was the ninth child of Karl Philipp, Freiherr vom Stein; the maiden name of his mother was von Simmern. His father was a man of stern and irritable temperament, which his far more famous son inherited, with the addition of intellectual gifts which the father entirely lacked. The family belonged to the order of imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire, who occupied a middle position between sovereign princes and subjects of the empire. They owned their own domains and owed allegiance only, to the emperor, but had no votes for.
History of East Germany - would overrun, the Yalta Conference determined the demarcation line for the respective areas of occupation. Following Germany's surrender, the Allied Control Council, representing the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, assumed governmental authority in postwar Germany. The Potsdam Conference of July/August 1945 officially recognized the zones and confirmed jurisdiction of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland--SMAD) from the Oder and Neisse rivers to the demarcation line. The Soviet occupation zone included the former states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The city of Berlin was placed under the control of the four powers. Each occupation power assumed rule in its zone by June 1945. The powers originally pursued a common German policy, focused on denazification and demilitarization in preparation for the restoration of a.
German Confederation - Composed of a great variety of types and theories, they largely respond to the disintegration of previous cultural patters, coupled with new patterns of production, specifically the rise of industrial capitalism. However, the defeat of Napoleon, enabled reactionary states such as the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria to survive, laying the groundwork for the Congress of Vienna, the alliance that strove to oppose radical demands for change ushered in by the French Revolution. The Great Powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 aimed to restore Europe (as far as possible) to its pre-war conditions by combating both liberalism and nationalism and by creating a barrier around France. With Austria's position on the continent now intact and ostensibly secure under its reactionary premier Klemens von Metternich, the Habsburg empire would serve.
Frederick William III of Prussia - to 1840. The son of King Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William was born in Potsdam on August 3, 1770, and became Crown Prince in 1786, when his father ascended the throne. On December 24, 1793, Frederick William married Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, a princess noted for her beauty. Frederick William came to the throne on November 16, 1797, on the death of his father. At first he and his advisors attempted to pursue a policy of neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars. Although they succeeded in keeping out of the Third Coalition in 1805, Napoleon's provocations ultimately forced Frederick William into war in October 1806. On October 14, 1806, at the Battle of Jena-Auerstädt, the French defeated the Prussian army led by Frederick William, and the Prussian army collapsed. The royal.
Congress of Vienna - the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris, signed a few months earlier, on May 30, 1814. At the congress, Britain was represented first by the Foreign Secretary, Lord Castlereagh, after February 1815, by the Duke of Wellington, and in the last weeks, after Wellington left to meet Napoleon, by Lord Clancarty. Austria was represented by Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, Baron Wessenberg. Prussia was represented by Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, the Chancellor, and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt. Louis XVIII's France was represented by its foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord. Although Russia's official delegation was led by the foreign minister, Count Nesselrode, Emperor Alexander I.
Prime Minister of Prussia - The office ceased to have any real meaning after the Nazi takeover in 1933, and disappeared along with Prussia herself after World War II. { border=2 border=0 colspan=3Chief Minister of Prussia, 1792 - 1848 - style="background:#efefef;" Chief Minister style="background:#efefef;" Years - Count Christian Heinrich Kurt von Haugwitz 1792 - April 1804 - Count Karl August von Hardenberg April 1804 - February 1806 - Count Christian Heinrich Kurt von Haugwitz February - November 1806 - Karl Friedrich von Beyme November 1806 - 26 April 1807 - Count Karl August von Hardenberg 26 April - 14 July 1807 - Baron Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom Stein 3 October 1807 - 24 November 1808 - Count Karl Friedrich Ferdinand Alexander von Dohna-Schlobitten 24 November 1808 - 4 June 1810 - Prince Karl August von Hardenberg.
List of Prime Ministers of Prussia - Ministers-President of Prussia. Chief Ministers, 1792-1848 Count Christian Heinrich Kurt von Haugwitz: 1792 - April 1804 Count Karl August von Hardenberg: April 1804 - February 1806 Count Christian Heinrich Kurt von Haugwitz: February - November 1806 Karl Friedrich von Beyme: November 1806 - 26 April 1807 Count Karl August von Hardenberg: 26 April - 14 July 1807 Baron Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom Stein 3 October 1807 - 24 November 1808 Count Karl Friedrich Ferdinand Alexander von Dohna-Schlobitten: 24 November 1808 - 4 June 1810 Prince Karl August von Hardenberg: 4 June 1810 - June 1822 Otto Karl Friedrich von Voss: June 1822 - 30 June 1823 Count Karl Friedrich Heinrich von Wylich und Lottum: 30 June 1823 - 14 February 1841 Ludwig Gustav von Thile: 9 March 1841 - 19 March.
Karl August Varnhagen von Ense - Karl August Varnhagen von Ense Karl August Varnhagen von Ense (February 21, 1785 - 1858), German biographer, was born at Düsseldorf. He studied medicine at Berlin, but devoted more attention to philosophy and literature, which he afterwards studied more thoroughly at Halle and Tübingen. He began his literary career in 1804 as joint-editor with Adelbert von Chamisso. He made some reputation as an imaginative and critical writer, but he is famous chiefly as a biographer. He possessed a remarkable power of grouping facts so as to bring out their essential significance, and his style is distinguished for its strength, grace and purity. Among his principal works are: Goethe in den Zeugnissen der Mitlebenden (1824) Biographische Denkmale (5 vols., 1824-30; 3rd ed., 1872) biographies of General von.
Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel - Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel This entry is based on an article from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel (March 10, 1772 - January 11, 1829), German poet, critic and scholar, was the younger brother of August Wilhelm von Schlegel. He was born at Hanover. He studied law at Göttingen and Leipzig, but ultimately devoted himself entirely to literary studies. He published in 1797 the important book Die Griechen und Römer, which was followed by the suggestive Geschichte der Poesie der Griechen und Römer (1798). At Jena, where he lectured as a Privatdozent at the university, he contributed to the Athenaeum the aphorisms and essays in which the principles of the Romantic school are most definitely stated. Here also he wrote Lucinde (1799),.
Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich - Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich (August 25, 1752 - December 22, 1828), Austrian soldier, was born at Nenslingen, in Bavaria. In 1770 he joined an Austrian cavalry regiment, in which his uncle, Leiberich, was a squadron commander, becoming an officer seven years later. During the brief war of the Bavarian Succession he was selected for service on the staff of Count Kinsky, under whom, and subsequently under the comniander-in-chief Field Marshal Count Lacy, he did excellent work. He was promoted first lieutenant in 1778, and captain on the quartermaster-general's staff in 1783. Count Lacy, then the foremost soldier of the Austrian army, had the highest opinion of his young assistant. In 1785 Mack married Katherine Gabrieul, and was ennobled under the.
August von Kotzebue - August von Kotzebue August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (May 3, 1761 - March 23, 1819), was a German dramatist. He was born at Weimar. After attending school there, he went in his sixteenth year to the University of Jena, and afterwards studied for a year in Duisburg. In 1780 he completed his legal course and became an advocate. Through the influence of Graf Gortz, Prussian ambassador at the Russian court, he became secretary of the governor-general of St Petersburg, In 1783 he received the appointment of assessor to the high court of appeal in Reval, where he married the daughter of a Russian lieutenant-general. He was ennobled in 1785, and became president of the magistracy of the province of Estonia. In Reval he acquired considerable reputation.
Karl Friedrich Bahrdt - Karl Friedrich Bahrdt Karl Friedrich Bahrdt (August 25, 1741 - April 23, 1792), German theologian and adventurer, was born at Bischofswerda, where his father, afterwards professor, canon and general superintendent at Leipzig, was pastor. At the age of sixteen young Bahrdt, a precocious lad whose training had been grossly neglected, began to study theology under the orthodox mystic Christian August Crusius (1715-1775), who in 1757 had become first professor in the theological faculty. The boy varied the monotony of his studies by pranks which revealed his unbalanced character, including an attempt to raise spirits with the aid of Dr Faust's Höllenzwang. His orthodoxy was, however, unimpeachable, his talent conspicuous, and in 1761 he was appointed lecturer on biblical exegesis, and preacher (Katechet) at the church of.
Karl of Austria - Karl of Austria Karl of Austria (also known in English as Charles) Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Maria von Habsburg (August 17, 1887 - April 1, 1922) was the last Emperor of Austria and the last King of Hungary (as Charles IV of Hungary) and of the Habsburg Dynasty. He reigned from 1916 until his abdication on November 11, 1918. He sought to reclaim the throne of Hungary in the early 1920s. Karl has generally been seen by historians as an honourable figure who tried as emperor-king to halt World War I. On 14 April 2003 the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in the presence of Pope John Paul II, promulgated Karl of Austria's "heroic virtues", a step on the road to sainthood.
Karl Hase - Karl Hase Karl August von Hase (August 25, 1800 - January 3, 1890), German Protestant theologian and Church historian, was born at Steinbach in Saxony. He studied at Leipzig and Erlangen, and in 1829 was called to Jena as professor of theology. He retired in 1883 and was made a baron. Hase’s aim was to reconcile modern culture with historical Christianity in a scientific way. But though a liberal theologian, he was no dry rationalist. Indeed, he vigorously attacked rationalism, as distinguished from the rational principle, charging it with being unscientific inasmuch as it ignored the historical significance of Christianity, shut its eyes to individuality and failed to give religious feeling its due. His views are presented scientifically in his Evangelisch-protestantische Dogmatik (1826; 6th ed., 1870),.
Karl Liebknecht - Karl Liebknecht Karl Liebknecht (August 13, 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a German socialist and a co-founder of the Spartacist League. Born in Leipzig, he was the son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. However, Karl Liebknecht was more radical than his father; he became an exponent of Marxist ideas during his study of law and political economy in Leipzig and Berlin, and after serving with the Imperial Pioneer Guards in Potsdam from 1893 to 1894 and internships in Arnsberg and Paderborn from 1894 to 1898, he earned his doctorate in 1897 and moved to Berlin in 1899 where he opened a lawyer's office with his brother, Theodor Liebknecht. Liebknecht married Julia Paradies on May 8 1900;.
Karl Joseph Simrock - Karl Joseph Simrock Karl Joseph Simrock (August 28, 1802 - July 18, 1876), German poet and man of letters, was born at Bonn, where his father was a music publisher. He studied law at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, and in 1823 entered the Prussian civil service, from which he was expelled in 1830 for writing a poem in praise of the French July revolution. Afterwards he was admitted as lecturer at the university of Bonn, where in 1850 he was made a professor of Old German literature and in which city he died. Simrock established his reputation by his excellent modern rendering of the Nibelungenlied (1827), and of the poems of Walther von der Vogelweide (1833). Among other works translated by him into modern.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (August 28, 1749 - March 22, 1832) was a German writer, scientist, and philosopher. Goethe was the author of Faust (ISBN 0385031149) and Theory of Colors (ISBN 0262570211), etc. He inspired Darwin with his independent discovery of the human premaxilla jaw bones. Goethe was born at Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His father was a man of means and position, and he personally supervised the early education of his son. The young Goethe studied at the universities of Leipzig and Strasbourg, and in 1772 entered upon the practice of law at Wetzlar. At the invitation of Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, he went in 1775 to live in Weimar, where he held a succession of political offices, becoming the Duke's chief.
Joachim von Ribbentrop - Joachim von Ribbentrop Joachim von Ribbentrop (April 30, 1893 - October 15, 1946) was the German Foreign Minister from 1938 until 1945. A wealthy wine merchant, he joined the National Socialist party in 1932 and soon met and impressed Adolf Hitler with his knowledge of foreign affairs. He became Hitler's favourite foreign policy advisor and was a great admirer and slavish follower of Hitler. He was Minister Plenipotentiary at Large (1935 - 1936) and negotiated the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1935 and the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936, in August 1936 he was appointed Ambassador to Great Britain. In 1938 he succeeded Konstantin von Neurath as Foreign Minister in Hitler's government. He played a role in the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938), in the conclusion of the Russo-German.
Johann Joseph von Görres - Johann Joseph von Görres Johann Joseph von Görres (January 25, 1776 - January 29, 1848), was a German writer. He was born at Koblenz. His father was moderately well off, and sent his son to a Latin college under the direction of the Roman Catholic clergy. The sympathies of the young Görres were from the first strongly with the French Revolution, and the conduct of the French exiles in the Rhineland confirmed him in his hatred of princes. He harangued the revolutionary clubs, and insisted on the unity of interests which would ally all civilized states to one another. He began a republican journal called Das rote Blatt, and afterwards Rubezahl, in which he strongly condemned the administration of the Rhenish provinces by France. After the Treaty of.
