Kashmiri language - Kashmiri language Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Pakistan. It has 4,391,000 speakers. It is an SVO language written in a persian script. External Link Ethnologue on Kashmiri.
Kashmiri literature - Kashmiri literature Kashmiri literature has a history of at least 2,500 years, going back to its glory days of Sanskrit. Early names include Patanjali, the author of the Mahabhashya commentary on Panini's grammar and the Yogasutra and Dridhbala who revised the Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda. In medieval times the great philosophical school of Kashmir Shaivism arose. Its great masters include Vasugupta (c. 800), Utpala (c. 925), Abhinavagupta and Kshemaraja. In the theory of aesthetics one can list the Anandavardhana and Abhinavagupta. The use of the Kashmiri language began with the poet Lalleshvari (14th century),who wrote mystical verses. Later, came Habba Khatun (16th century) with her lol style. Other major names are Rupa Bhavani (1621-1721), Arnimal (d. 1800), Mahmud Gami (1765-1855), Rasul Mir (d. 1870), Paramananda (1791-1864),.
Indo-Iranian languages - west and some went east. Indo-Aryan languages: Sanskrit Assamese language Bengali language Gujarati language Hindi language Maithili language Marathi language Nepali language Oriya language Pali Punjabi language Romany language - the language of Gypsies Sindhi language Singhalese language Urdu Dardic languages: Dameli language Domaaki language Gawar-Bati language Kalasha language Kashmiri language Khowar language Kohistani language Ningalami language Pashayi language Phalura language Shina language Shumashti language Nuristani languages: Ashkun language Kamviri language Kati language (Bashgali) Prasuni language (Wasi-Weri) Tregami language Waigali language (Kalasha-Ala) Iranian languages: Persian language Avestan (extinct) Pahlavi - "Middle Persian" Pashto language Dari language Tajik language Ossetian language Kurdish language Balochi language Talysh language Tat language See also Language families and languages.
Indian languages - 4 Phonetic Alphabet 5 External Link Official Languages India's official language is Hindi written in the Devanagri script. It is the primary tongue of 30% of the people. While English enjoys associate status, it is widely spoken and is one of the most important languages for national, political, and commercial communication. Other official languages of India include Urdu, the official language of Pakistan, as well as Bangla or Bengali, the official language of Bangladesh. Linguists think of Hindi and Urdu as the same language, the difference being that Hindi is written in Devanagari script and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit, while Urdu is written in Arabic script and draws on Persian and Arabic. The States are free to decide their own regional languages for internal administration and education, so there are 18.
Languages of India and Pakistan - spread by Hindi movies and the British colonial presence respectively. Hindi movies often intersperse Hindi dialogue with English phrases or whole sentences in English. India Hindi, in the Devanagari script, is the only official federal language of India. Individual states and territories have adopted 14 other co-official languages. These are the Dravidian languages of Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu, and the Indo-Aryan languages of Bengali, Marathi, Urdu, Gujarati, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi and Sanskrit. Many other languages belonging to both groups are spoken as well. English, though only an associate language, is still widely in use in law and government, in particular in the higher echelons. See Demographics of India for a numerical breakdown of language groups. See also: Indian languages Pakistan Urdu, Sindhi and English are the official languages.
List of official languages - Dari: Afghanistan (with Pashtu) Dutch: Belgium (with French and German) The Netherlands Suriname Dzongkha: Bhutan English: Australia Bahamas Botswana (but the national language is Setswana) Canada (federally, with French) New Brunswick (with French) Nunavut (with French, Inuktitut, and Inuvialuktun) Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, Cree, Dogrib, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, and Slavey) Yukon (with French) Cyprus (with Turkish and Greek (Hellenic)) Fiji (but the national language is Fijian) part of the People's Republic of China Hong Kong (with Chinese) India (Hindi) Kenya (with Kiswahili) Kiribati Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea (with Tok Pisin and Motu) Republic of Ireland (but secondary to Irish) South Africa (with Afrikaans, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu) New Zealand (an official language by custom; the other by law is Māori) Singapore (with Malay, Tamil.
List of national languages of India - are languages that can be officially adopted by different states for administrative purposes, and also as a medium of communication between the national and the state governments, as also for examinations conducted for national government service. As drafted, English ceased to exist as an official language (on par with Hindi) in 1965, after which it was intended to continue as an "associate additional official language" until such time that a duly appointed committee can decide on a full-scale transition to Hindi, based on a periodic review. However, due to resentment and protests in certain non-Hindi speaking states, the "twin language" system is still in vogue. Due to rapid industrialization, and a bustling multinational influence in the economy, English continues to be a popular and influential means of communication in the government.
ISO 639 - an international standard which lists short codes for language names. See also SIL code. From the ISO official website there are two items for ISO 639: ISO 639-1:2002 Codes for the representation of names of languages -- Part 1: Alpha-2 code ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages -- Part 2: Alpha-3 code In other words, there are two-letter codes and three-letter codes. 22 of the languages have two three-letter codes. In these cases, the first code is bibliographic (ISO 639-1/B), and the second code is for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T). See also: language families and languages, list of languages, list of official languages The following list is sorted by language name in the third column. A B C D E F G H I J K L.
Ghazal - "ghazal" is pronounced roughly like the English word "guzzle.") The form is ancient, originating in medieval Persian verse; it spread early into India. English language poets have written in the ghazal form mostly from the early twentieth century. The Kashmiri-American poet Agha Shahid Ali was a proponent of the form, both in English and in other languages; he edited a volume of "real ghazals in English." Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Details of the form 2 References 3.
Demographics of India - been invaded from the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, Arabia, Afghanistan, and the West; Indian people and culture have absorbed and changed these influences to produce a remarkable racial and cultural synthesis. Religion, caste, and language are major determinants of social and political organization in India today. The government has recognized 18 languages as official; Hindi is the most widely spoken. Although 83% of the people are Hindu, India also is the home of more than 120 million Muslims--one of the world's largest Muslim populations. The population also includes Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, and Parsis. The caste system reflects Indian occupational and religiously defined hierarchies. Traditionally, there are four broad categories of castes (varnas), including a category of outcastes, earlier called "untouchables" but now commonly referred to as "dalits." Within these broad.
2000 in India - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee accuses Pakistan of being behind the hijacking of an Indian plane and urges that Pakistan be declared a terrorist state. January 6 India arrests four Kashmiri militants in connection with the week-long hijacking in December. February 24 A review of national security is ordered, after an expert committee's report on the incursion of Pakistani-backed forces into Kashmir in mid-1999 exposed serious shortcomings. The Subramanyam committee recommends a new "national security planning and decision-making structure for India in the nuclear age". Fresh clashes are reported in late February along the Line of Control between Indian- and Pakistani-administered Kashmir. Late February Parliamentary sessions are disrupted by protests led by the opposition Congress party, complaining that civil servants (who may not join political organizations) are being allowed to join.
Arabic alphabet - alphabet is the principal script used for writing the Arabic language. As the alphabet of the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, its influence spread with that of Islam and it has been, and still is, used to write other languages without any linguistic roots in Arabic, such as Persian, and Turkish before 1928 (after which Mustafa Kemal Atatürk imposed the use of the Latin alphabet), Kashmiri, Sindhi, Urdu and Kurdish. (All of these languages, except for Turkish, have Indo-European roots). It is often necessary to add or modify certain letters in order to adapt this alphabet to the phonology of the target languages. Certain African languages, for example Hausa, have also done this before doing a Latin transcription. The Arabic alphabet is composed of 29 basic letters.
Lalleshvari - known as Lalla. Her verses are the earliest compositions in the Kashmiri language that have come down to us. She was born in Pandrenthan (ancient Puranadhisthana) some four and a half miles to the south-east of Srinagar. She was married at an early age, but her marriage was unhappy and she left home at twenty-six to become a disciple of the Shaivite guru Siddha Srikantha. Lalleshvari has been very influential in shaping Kashmiri culture and attitudes to life and religion. She came along after the Islamic conquest of Kashmir that disrupted its high tradition in philosophy and the arts and her sayings constituted a memory of the Kashmiri classical age in the popular consciousness. Her poems (called vakhs) have been translated into English by Richard Temple, Jia Lal Kilam, and Jaishree.
Kanuri language - Kanuri language Kanuri is a Nilo-Saharan language which is spoken by about 4 million people in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The ISO 639-2 language code is KR..
Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition - Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition Kant and the Platypus : Essays on Language and Cognition is a book by Umberto Eco which was published in Italian in 1997. An English edition, translated by Alastair McEwen, appeared in 1999. The book develops some aspects of Eco's A Theory of Semiotics which came out in 1976. In the first chapter Eco develops Nietzsche's argument that the truth is a poetically elaborated "mobile army of metaphors, metonymies and anthropomorphisms" that subsequently gel into knowledge, "illusions whose illusory nature has been forgotten", as the metaphors are reduced to schemata and concepts. In chapter two, working with ideas derived from Charles Peirce and Immanuel Kant, Eco compares linguistic and perceptual meaning when confronted with the unencountered. Chapter three explores the.
Karelian language - Karelian language Karelian is a variety closely related to Finnish. It belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages, and is chiefly distinguished from standard Finnish by the lack of influence from modern 19th and 20th century Finnish. The Karelian language does not have a standard written form. Karelian has three main dialects: Karelian Proper, Olonets and Ludic. The latter is sometimes classified as a dialect of Veps. The Karelian language is by Finns usually considered a dialect of Finnish, as it is perceived to differ only slightly from standard-Finnish. Others, for instance many foreign linguists and some people in Estonia and Russia, consider the Karelian variety a language of its own (although almost extinct), similarly to how the dialects of Ingria by Finns often are considered dialects of Finnish-proper,.
Kafka's language - Kafka's language One of the most interesting aspects of Kafka's work is that he wrote in Prussian dialect, not German. Prussian literature is uncommon, at best, as Prussian is thought to be a strict, highly technical language-- the language of engineers. (The difference between Prussian and German is akin to the difference between the English of Nabokov's Lolita and that of the Owner's Manual from a '94 Jeep Wrangler.) In this regard, Kafka follows an interesting Jewish literary tradition: the oldest Jewish prayers (e.g. Mourner's Kaddish) and literature (e.g. The Old Testament's Song of Songs, aka the Song of Solomon) are written in Aramaic-- a trade language older than Hebrew. The vast bulk of the Jewish contribution to World Literature and Art, prior to WWII and Shoa.
Kawi language - Kawi language Kawi is an extinct language used by people in island of Java and also Bali. The language has its own unique alphabets for writing..
Kashmiri Pandit - Kashmiri Pandit A Kashmiri Pandit is a name used to refer to a section of Hindus who originate from Kashmir. This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it..
Ket language - Ket language Ket, formerly known as Yenisei Ostyak, is a Siberian language isolate, apparently unrelated to any other language in the world (other than Yugh, a recently-extinct language that was clearly related to Ket). It is spoken by about 2,000 people along the middle Yenisei Basin. Attempts have been made by Soviet scholars to establish a relationship with either Burushaski or the Sino-Tibetan languages..
