Kara-Khitan Khanate - Kara-Khitan Khanate The Kara-Khitan Khanate (1124 or 1125-1220) was established by Yeluu Da Shi (also known as Yeh-lü Ta-Shih) (耶律大石 ye1 luu4 da4 shi2) who led around 100,000 Khitan remnants after escaping Jurchen conquest of their native country, the Khitan dynasty. This regime survived until the arrival of Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalries and was referred to in Chinese sources as Kara-Kitai, Kara-Khitai, Kara-Khitay, Kara-Khitan, Western Liao, Xi Liao or similar variants. The Kitai or Khitai suffixes were quoted from Russian sources. Its capital, Balasagun (in today's Kyrgyzstan) flourished to a cultural and economic centre. Soveriegns of Kara-Khitan Khanate 1124 or 1125-1221 Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Born Names Convention Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號).
Khitan Dynasty - Khitan Dynasty The Khitan Dynasty (契丹) 907-1125, also called the Empire of Khitan, was founded by the Yeluu (耶律 ye1 luu4) family of the Khitan tribe in the final years of the Tang Dynasty, although Yeluu A Bao Ji did not declare an era name until 916. Forty years after the establishment of Khitan Dynasty, in 947, Emperor Yeluu Ruan officially renamed to Liao Dynasty (遼 liao2). It was anniliated by the Jin Dynasty in 1125 however remnants led by Yelu Da Shi (耶律大石 ye1 luu4 da4 shi2, Wade-Giles: Yeh-lü Ta-Shih) established Xi (Western) Liao Dynasty 1125-1220, also known as Kara-Khitai or Qara Khitai, which survived until the arrival of Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry. Liao Dynasty 907-1125 Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous.
Khitan - Khitan The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: qi4 dan1) or Zhendan (震旦 zhen4 dan1), were an ethnic group who dominated much of Manchuria and classified in Chinese history as one of the Eastern Hu ethnic groups (東胡族 dong1 hu2 zu2). They established the Liao dynasty in 907. Kara-Khitai categorized the remnants of Khitans who escaped the conquest of the Jurchens and migrated to the Kara-Su. Their new regime was named Kara-Khitan Khanate with capital at Balasagun. A pronunciation based on "Zhendan" was also used in some parts of ancient India as a name for China. Ancestors of Khitans was the Yuwen clan of the Xianbei. After their regime was conquered by the Murong clan, the remnants scattered in today Inner Mongolia and evolved into Khitan.
Kara-Khanid Khanate - Khanate is not to be confused with the Sinitic, Khitan Kara-Khitan Khanate. The former was established by Turkic Qarluk-Uygur princes who converted to Islam and held Turkestan in the 11th century. Prior to the Qarluk-Uygurs' migration to Turkestan, the great Uygur Khanate of Mongolia, with its Manichaean state religion, its capital in Karabalgasun in northern central Mongolia and its vibrant Sogdian-Chinese hybrid high culture, was destroyed by Khakas, or Kyrgyz nomads from the Baikal region. A branch of the Uygurs migrated to oasis settlements of Tarim Basin and Gansu, such as Gaochang (Khoja) and Hami (Kumul) and set up a confederation of decentralized Buddhist states called Kara-Khoja. Others, occupying western Tarim Basin, Ferghana Valley, Jugaria and parts of Kazakhstan bordering the Muslim, Turco-Tajik Khwarazm Sultanate, converted to Islam no later than.
Han Chinese - comes from the Han Dynasty which ruled the parts of China where Han Chinese originate. Many Uighurs, either disparagingly call the Han Chinese Anangga ski Hanzular or apply on them the historical ethnonym of Hitay (Khitan), originally belonging to a Confucian, but Mongolic state that once lorded over the Turkic Kara-Khanids. It is interesting the note that the designations for the Chinese in the Russian and Mongol languages today, Kitaj and Khyatad, respectively, derives from the original Mongolic ethnonym, yielding these nations' perception of the Chinese State's northern nomad, Altaic origin. Among Han Chinese, there is a wide diversity of distinct cultural and linguistic groups. The differences among regional and linguistic subgroups of Han Chinese are at least as great as those among many European nationalities. Han Chinese speak seven or.
Hong Bok-won - in northwestern Korea. When the Mongols intruded into Goryeo to attack Khitan rebel groups in 1218, Daesun went over to the Mongols. During the first Mongol invasion in 1231, Hong Bok-won greeted the Mongol army and turned against Goryeo. His guidance for the Mongols inflamed Korean animosity against him. He remained in Seogyeong (now P'yongyang) as a Mongol delegate. He was banished and his father was captured by Goryeo in 1234. Ögedei Khan allowed him to settle around Liaoyang and Shenyang and installed Bok-won as an administrator. That was the beginning of Korea] colonies in Liaodong, whose head was later called King of Shen (瀋王). Even though Goryeo released his father, he joined Mongol incursions into Goryeo. Goryeo sent Wang Jun, a member of the Goryeo royal family, as a hostage.
Genghis Khan - the Jurchen Jin Dynasty was the same as it had been against Western Xia. The Mongols were victorious in the field, but they were frustrated in their efforts to take major cities. In his typically logical and determined fashion, Genghis and his highly developed staff studied the problems of the assault of fortifications. With the help of Chinese engineers, they gradually developed the techniques that eventually would make them the most accomplished and most successful besiegers in the history of warfare. As a result of a number of overwhelming victories in the field and a few successes in the capture of fortifications deep within China, Genghis had conquered and had consolidated Jin territory as far south as the Great Wall by 1213. He then advanced with three armies into the heart.
Dangun - 795-BC 772 Dangun Sabeol BC 772-BC 704 Dangun Maeruk BC 704-BC 646 Dangun Mamul BC 646-BC 590 Dangun Damul BC 590-BC 545 Dangun Duhol BC 545-BC 509 Dangun Daleum BC 509-BC 491 Dangun Umcha BC 491-BC 471 Dangun Uleuji BC 471-BC 461 Dangun Mulli BC 461-BC 425 Dangun Gumul BC 425-BC 396 Dangun Yeoru BC 396-BC 341 Dangun Boeul BC 341-BC 295 Dangun Goyeolga BC 295-BC 237 Origin of the myth Dangun has never appeared in Chinese documents, even though they record other legends like that of Jumong (the legendary founder of Goguryeo) in detail. In addition, the Samguk Sagi--the oldest existing history book in Korea--makes no mention of Dangun, leading some people to theorize that the myth was formed some time between the 10th and 13th centuries. According to such.
1220 - in Central Asia. In fact, by the end of the 13th century, Genghis Khan's descendants had themselves become Muslims. From the death of Genghis Khan in 1227 until the rise of Timur (Tamerlane) in the 1380s, Central Asia went through a period of fragmentation. Events Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate - Bukhara and Samarkand taken End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Honorius III Conrad of Masovia invades and even conquers some of the Prussian territory in the Kulmerland Trial by ordeal abolished in England The German Hohenstaufen dynasty which had ruled Sicily since 1194, adopts Palermo as its principal seat Dordrecht receives city rights, making it the oldest city in the.
907 - Oleg lead Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople Yeluu Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths \n.
926 - - 926 - 927 928 929 930 931 Events Bohai is conquered by the Khitan Births Emperor Murakami of Japan Deaths \n.
969 - Kairouan (in modern Tunisia) to Fustat (modern Cairo, Egypt). Emperor En'yu succeeds Emperor Reizei on the throne of Japan. Jing Zong succeeds Mu Zong in Khitan. Nicephorus II captures Antioch from the Arabs. Births Olaf I of Norway Thietmar, bishop (+ 1019) Deaths January 29 - Peter I of Bulgaria Harald II of Norway Nicephorus II Olga of Kiev.
Balasagun - was an ancient city in today Kyrgyzstan and capital of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Founded in 9th century and renamed in honor of the poet Yusuf Balasagun, it located in the Chu river valley and neighbored Lake Kara-Kol? (Ozero Issyk Kul in Russian). For many years Balasagun was one of the largest cultural and economic center of Central Asia. The ancient city stretched from the eastern end of modern Tokmak to the lakeshore at its largest extent. Its prosperity decayed after Mongolian conquest and now appears only as a village with plenty of ruins for tours, 12km southeast of Tokmak. The Burana zone, located in the suburb of Tokmak and 6km from the village, was the west end of the ancient city. 80km east of Bishkek is the Burana Tower in a.
Bohai - and/or a former general of Goguryeo, and integrated several Mohe tribes and Goguryeo remnants. It was conquered by the Khitan in 926. In the confusion of the Khitan rebellion against Tang in 696, Sumo Mohe tribe, led by Qiqi Zhongxiang and Qisi Piyu, escaped eastward to their homeland. The two leaders died but Da Zuorong, the son of Qiqi Zhongxiang, established the State of Zhen (震 or 振). Since it gained power under protection of Gokturk, Tang gave Da Zuorong the title of "Prefecture King of Bohai" in 713. Bohai had been a Chinese prefecture, but since then referred to the kingdom. The title was upgraded to "State King of Bohai" in 762. After destroyed Bohai in 926, the Khitan put the state of Eastern Khitan, followed by the annexation by.
China in world languages - 2.6 Chin 2.7 Sin 2.8 Ser 3 Others Native names Names used in Asia, especially East and Southeast Asia are usually derived directly from words in a language of China learned through the land-route. Those languages belong to a former dependency (tributary) or Chinese-influenced country have especially similar pronunciation with those of Chinese. Cathay This group of names derives from Khitan, an ethnic group that dominated Manchuria. In English and in several other European languages, the name "Cathay" became widely used largely as a result of English translations of the adventures of Marco Polo, which used this word for China. English: Cathay Kazan Tatar: Kytai Medieval Latin: Cataya, Kitai Mongolian: Hyatad (Хятад) Russian: Kitai (Китай) Uygur: Hyty There is no evidence that either in the 13th or 14th century officially, Cathayans,.
Xiongnu - (契丹) (Qi4dan1) (丙寅) (鐵勒) (奚) (室韋) (靺鞨) (西域諸國) They also exerted some influence over Sogdiana (康居), Kashmir/Ta-yuan/Dawan (大苑) initially Indoscythia's Kushans (貴霜) when they were known as Yuezhi (月氏) Alan-liao (阿蘭聊) i.e Alans of Yancai (奄蔡 ?Vast Steppes?) Kangju (康居) After the Xion lost political control in the 4thC, there was a brief period of confusion until many of these former serf tribes came together again under Yuyon organisation. An entry in a Chinese dictionary says Xiongnu (Xiong1nu2), (匈奴) n., The Huns, Mongolian tribes in northeastern China and Mongolia, historically under various names (玁狁 xian3 yun3, 匈奴 xiong1 nu2, and 胡 hu2) 1000 B.C. to 6th cen. A.D. In the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, five northern tribes, including Tartars, Mongols, Turkicss invaded and occupied North China. These tribes are categorically.
Culture of China - - Szechuan cuisine - Szechuan pepper - Taiwanese cuisine - Tofu - Wok Education Education in the People's Republic of China Education in Hong Kong List of universities in Mainland China List of universities in Taiwan List of universities in Hong Kong Ethnic groups and regionalisms List of Chinese ethnic groups Ethnic groups in Chinese history Overseas Chinese Games Che Deng - Chinese checkers - Chinese dominoes - Go (board game) - Go proverb - Gwat Pai - Kap Tai Shap - Keno - Mah Jong - Pai Gow - Pai gow poker - Shanghai solitaire - Tangram - Tien Gow - Tiu U - Xiangqi Handicraft Joinery - Silk - Chinese paper art History Main article: History of China Origins of Chinese Civilization - Chinese prehistory - Dongyi - Hunn-Xianpi.
Puxian Wannu - the Mongol Empire. While the Mongols under Chinggis Khan invaded Jin, a Khitan chief Yelü Liuge (耶律留哥) revolted against the dynasty in Liaodong in 1211 and made contact with the Mongol Empire in the next year. In 1214 Jin dispatched Puxian Wannu to Liaodong, but he was defeated around Kaiyuan. While Mukhali of the Mongol Empire invaded Northern China, Puxian Wannu rebelled against Jin and founded the Dazhen (大眞) kingdom in Dongjing (Liaoyang) in 1215. He named his title as Tianwang (天王 lit. Heveanly King) and his era name as Tiantai (天泰). As a result of an internal strife in the so-called bogus Liao (偽遼國), Yelü Liuge was expeled and saught support from Chinggis. The Khitans got a counterattack from Jin and fled to Goryeo without permission. Puxian Wannu capitulated to.
Manchuria - North of the Stanovoi, the Uda valley and Siberia belonged to the Russian Empire. In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Treaty of Aigun. In 1860, at the Treaty of Peking, the Russians managed to extort a further huge slice of Manchuria east of the Ussuri, so that Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as "Outer Manchuria" and a remaining Chinese half known as "Inner Manchuria". In modern literature, 'Manchuria' usually refers to Inner (Chinese) Manchuria. [cf. Inner and Outer Mongolia]. Haishenwei was renamed Vladivostok. Russian Manchuria, Kirin (=Jilin) and Heilungkiang (=Heilongjiang) are drained by the Amur; Liaoning faces the Yellow Sea. Brief History Manchuria was the home of nomadic tribes of Manchu, Ulchi, Goldi and Nanai..
Mongolian alphabet - block (see Hangul), respectively, were used to write the Mongolic language of Khitan, also used to write the Tungusic Jurchen language in their modified forms. These two systems, called "Khitan/Jurchen big characters" and "Khitan/Jurchen small characters" fell into disuse when North China reverted to a homogenous Han Chinese culture. The most recent one is a slightly modified Cyrillic script. This alphabet is a phonemic alphabet, meaning that there is a high level of consistency in the representation of individual sounds. Intermediate between these is the Mongolian script proper, in 12-13 centuries derived from the Uighur alphabet, descendant of Sogdian alphabet which came from Syriac alphabet. Perhaps its two most notable features are that it is a vertical script, and that it is the only such script that is written from left.
