Knights of Labor - Knights of Labor Knights of Labor seal The Knights of Labor was a US labor organization, started in Philadelphia in December 1869 by a group of nine tailors, led by Uriah S. Stephens. Initially a secretive organization, it grew rapidly after 1872 and the collapse of the National Labor Union in 1873. The membership peaked in 1886, under Terence V. Powderly, with a total of over 700,000. The Knights aided various strikes and boycotts, winning important actions against Union Pacific in 1884 and on the Wabash Railroad in 1885. However, failure in the Missouri Pacific strike in 1886 and violence by strikers, including the Haymarket Square riot, led to disputes between the craft unionists and the advocates of all-inclusive unionism. With the additional problems of an.
American Federation of Labor - American Federation of Labor The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States of America. It was founded in 1886 as an association of various trade unions by Samuel Gompers, who was the president of the AFL until 1924, when he died. Being against toppling capitalism, the AFL was considered more conservative than the radical unions preceding it. It campaigned for basic improvements for workers such as 8 hour days, higher wages, and better working conditions. The AFL was therefore more successful than the Knights of Labor, a more radical U.S. union. The AFL advocated strikes only when necessary and believed in collective bargaining, or peaceful bargaining with employers. Until the 1950s, the AFL allowed only skilled workers.
History of Poland - remains of the Polanian structures, not even in the leaders' quarters. (See summary of arguments at Scandinavian connections to Mieszko I). Mieszko's successor Boleslaus I expanded the early state, and gave it an international recognition due to the meeting at the tomb of Saint Adalbert with the emperor of Holy Roman Empire. Given to him by the emperor, the title of king was taken in 1025. But with the death of Boleslaus III (1138) the kingdom was divided among his sons. During the following 192-year Fragmentation period (in Polish, Rozbicie dzielnicowe) Poland was divided into a number of principalities. The Jagiellon Era (1385-1572) Main article: The Jagiellon Era The restoration of royal power under Ladislaus I (1320) and dynastic union (1386) with the grand duchy of Lithuania to the north-east paved.
History of France - had seen the gradual emergence of institutions which were to condition France's development for centuries to come: the acknowledgement by the crown of the administrative authority of the realm's nobles within their territories in return for their (sometimes tenuous) loyalty and military support, a phenomenon readily visible in the rise of the Capetians and foreshadowed to some extent by the Carolingians' own rise to power. The new order left the new dynasty in immediate control of little beyond the middle Seine and adjacent territories, while powerful territorial lords such as the 10th and 11th century counts of Blois accumulated large domains of their own through marriage and through private arrangements with lesser nobles for protection and support. The area around the lower Seine, ceded to Scandinavian invaders as the duchy of.
History of Lithuania - centuries. The first known reference to Lithuania as a nation (Litua) comes from the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg dated February 14, 1009. In the early 13th century, a pair of German religious orders, the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, conquered much of what is now Estonia and Latvia, in addition to parts of Lithuania. In response, a number of small Baltic tribal groups united under the rule of Mindaugas (or Mindowe), and soundly defeated the Livonians at Siauliai in 1236. In 1250 Mindaugas signed an agreement with the Teutonic Order and in 1251 was baptized in their presence by the bishop of Kulm (Culmer Land.) On July 6, 1253, Mindaugas was crowned as King of Lithuania. However, Mindaugas was later murdered by his nephew, subsequently.
Houston, Texas - as the Archive Wars. The capital was then moved to Washington on-the-Brazos on September 29. Austin became capital again in 1844. The port in Houston was getting some shipping business, but the shallowness of the water hampered massive shipping. During the 1850's, the Houstonians decided to build in a rail system to connect their port with rail links. 11 companies built 451 miles of track all before 1860. Mexican-Americans, who were one of the earliest immigrant groups to Houston, were preferred as railroad builders. Houston first dabbled in shipping cotton, lumber, and other manufacturing products. Alexander McGowen established the iron industry, and Tom Whitmarsh built a cotton warehouse. A fire ravaged Houston on March 10, 1859, but the city rebuilt itself soon after. Thousands of enslaved African-Americans lived near the city.
German Confederation - liberalism and nationalism and by creating a barrier around France. With Austria's position on the continent now intact and ostensibly secure under its reactionary premier Klemens von Metternich, the Habsburg empire would serve as a barrier to contain the emergence of Italian and German nation-states as well, aside from containing France. But this reactionary balance of power aimed at blocking German and Italian nationalism on the continent was precarious. After Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the German states joined to form the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) - a rather loose organisation, especially because the two great rivals, the Austrian empire and the Prussian kingdom, each feared domination by the other. To contemporary observers, a post-Napoleon revolutionary upheaval in Prussia, however, would seem unlikely. Later to emerge as the dominant.
United Mine Workers - 20th century, the United Mine Workers of America was founded in Columbus, Ohio in 1890 by the merger of two earlier groups, the Knights of Labor Trade Assembly No. 135 and the National Progressive Union of Miners and Mine Laborers. Famous early UMWA leaders include John L. Lewis and Mother Jones, and its history is filled with violent clashes with industrial leaders, including: Lattimer Massacre - Sept. 10, 1897. 19 miners were killed by police in Lattimer, Pennsylvania, during a march in support of unions. Ludlow Massacre - April 20, 1914. 20 people, including women and children, killed when police and hired guns broke up a tent colony formed by families of miners who had been evicted from company-owned housing. Matewan, West Virginia - May 19, 1920. 12 men were killed.
Early history of Poland (until 1385) - had become divided into smaller units, with further sub-divisions and occasional fusions. Separatist interests and jealousies led to almost incessant warfare. The ruler of Cracow retained the title of Dux Poloniae, the Duke of Poland, but the security of his office depended upon his relations with the aristocracy and clergy. Casimir II of Poland (1177-1194) had been obliged to summon a council of nobles and clergy and to surrender certain of his rights and privileges. He was also compelled to promise to call such councils when important matters of state were to be decided upon. At the Council or Synod of Leczyca (1180) the Church, under the threat of an interdict, enjoined the Duke from the exercise of his right to the personal property of deceased bishops (Ius Spolii) and to.
Daniel De Leon - United States in 1874. De Leon settled in New York, studying at Columbia University. He became a committed socialist and in 1890 joined the Socialist Labor Party, (SLP) becoming the editor of its newspaper, The People. He quickly grew in stature inside the party and in 1891 he ran for the governorship of the state of New York, winning 13,000 votes in the process. De Leon was a Marxist and argued for the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism, trying to divert the SLP away from its Lassallian outlook. De Leon was highly critical of the trade union movement in America. Originally a member of the Knights of Labor, he helped form the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (STLA) in 1895 as a radical alternative to the American Federation of Labour. By the.
1882 - showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Events 2 Arts, Sciences, Literature and Philosophy 3 Births 4 Deaths Events February 2 - The Knights of Columbus are formed in New Haven, Connecticut February 7 - In Mississippi City the last heavyweight boxing championship bareknuckle fight takes place. March 22 - Polygamy is outlawed by the United States Congress. March 24 - Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). March 29 - The Knights of Columbus are established. April 3 - Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back and killed by Robert Ford for a $5,000 reward. May 20 - Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. August 5 - Standard Oil of New Jersey is established. August 20 - Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture" debuts in Moscow..
The Jagiellon Era - Poland's unlikely partnership with the adjoining Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Europe's last heathen state, provided an immediate remedy to the political and military dilemma caused by the end of the Piast Dynasty. At the end of the fourteenth century, Lithuania was a warlike political unit with dominion over enormous stretches of present-day Belarus and Ukraine. Putting aside their previous hostility, Poland and Lithuania saw that they shared common enemies, most notably the Teutonic Knights; this situation was the direct incentive for the Union of Krewo in 1385. The compact hinged on the marriage of the Polish queen Jadwiga to Jagiello, who became king of Poland under the name Wladyslaw Jagiello. In return, the new monarch accepted baptism in the name of his people, agreed to confederate Lithuania with Poland, and took.
Timeline of Polish history - Boleslav the Wrymouthed and his brother Zbigniew ;1138 :Following Boleslaw's death, in accordance with his will, Poland is split into five main provinces, one for each of his sons, with the senior holding also the "royal" province between Great and Little Poland. Beginning of regional disintegration which continues until 1320. ;1146-1173 :Boleslav the Curly is the senior prince in Cracow ;1226 :Konrad of Mazovia asks Teutonic Knights, recently expelled from Hungary by Andrew II, to settle in Poland and gives them land in northern Mazovia, in addition to any territory they can wrest from the pagan Prussians and Lithuanians. The christianization of Prussia begins ;1241 :The Mongol invasion cuts a wide swath of destruction through southern Poland; Cracow is besieged. In July, the host of the Silesian princes is met and.
Timeline of United States history (1860-1899) - Office Act 1867 - The Grange founded 1867 - Reconstruction Acts 1867 - US purchases Alaska from Russia 1867 - Nebraska becomes a state 1868 - Burlingame Treaty 1868 - 14th Amendment 1868 - Tenure of Office Act 1868 - University of California chartered 1868 - Carnegie Steel Company founded 1868 - Typewriter invented 1869 - Ulysses S. Grant becomes President 1869 - Wyoming becomes first state to grant women's suffrage 1869 - Golden spike nailed in, completing the First Transcontinental Railroad (North America) 1869 - James Fisk and Jay Gould's "Black Friday" 1869 - Knights of Labor formed 1870s 1870 - 15th Amendment 1870 - First graduate programs (Yale, Harvard) 1870 - Force Acts 1870 - Standard Oil Company is formed 1871 - Great Chicago Fire 1872 - Yellowstone National.
Warmia - the rule of many different rulers from several countries over its long history; the most notable of these rulers were those of the Teutonic Knights, Poland and the Kingdom of Prussia. To the west of Warmia is Pomesania, to the south Culmland (Ziemia Chelminska), Sassinia and Galindia (later called Masuria) and to the east Sambia. In the north it borders the Baltic Sea. Warmia was one of four dioceses created in 1242 by the papal legate William of Modena. The other three dioceses were Culmer Land, Pomesania and Sambia). All four dioceses, including Warmia, came under the rule of the archbishop of Riga. Warmia later became an exempt bishopric, ruled by Prince-Bishops, subject of the King of Poland. Some of its most notable prince-bishops were Lucas Watzenrode, uncle of the astronomer.
Samuel Gompers - 1850 - December 13, 1924) was an American labor union leader. Samuel Gompers was born in London, England and migrated with his family to New York City in 1863, settling on the Lower East Side. He began working in the cigar business, and in 1864 became involved in the Cigar Makers' International Union. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1872. Gompers developed a system of labor organization which was heavily influenced by his reading of the works of Karl Marx (although he did not become a Marxist per se) and by the socialism popular with contemporary immigrant labor groups. In 1877 he put this plan into action in the Cigar Makers' Union, introducing a hierarchical structure, and implementing programs for strike and pension funds, paid for by.
North Carolina - in the early 1990s. Tobacco, one of North Carolina's earliest sources of revenue, remains vital to the local economy. Recently, technology has become a driving force in the state, especially with the creation of the Research Triangle Park between Raleigh and Durham in the 1950's. North Carolina has had three constitutions: 1776: This one was ratified December 18, 1776, as the first constitution of the independent state. The Declaration of Rights was ratified the preceding day. 1868: This was framed in accordance with the Reconstruction Acts after North Carolina was readmitted into the Union. It was a major reorganization and modification of the original into fourteen articles. 1971: This is a minor consolidation of the 1868 constitution and subsequent amendments. Law and Government The capital of North Carolina is Raleigh and.
Monasticism - as I am. But each man has his own gift from God; one has this gift, another has that. 8 Now to the unmarried and the widows I say: It is good for them to stay unmarried, as I am. (1 Corinthians 7, NIV) But, the consummate prototype of all modern Christian monasticism, communal and solitary, is Jesus: '' 5 Your attitude should be the same as that of Christ Jesus: 6 Who, being in very nature God, did not consider equality with God something to be grasped, 7 but made himself nothing, taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness. 8 And being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself and became obedient to death—even death on a cross! (Philippians 2, NIV) The first.
Mother Jones - known as Mother Jones, was a prominent American labor organizer. Born in Ireland, her family moved to Toronto, Canada in 1835, shortly after her grandfather was hanged by the British for participation in the Irish national struggle. Upon completing school, she worked alternately as a teacher and a seamstress in the United States. She was introduced to unions through her husband, George Jones, a prominent member of the Iron Molders' Union. Two major turning points in her career were the deaths of her husband and four children during a yellow fever epidemic in Tennessee in 1867 and the loss of all her property in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Forced to support herself, she became involved in the labor movement, joined the Knights of Labor, a predecessor to the Industrial.
Labour Day - Labour Day Labour Day (or Labor Day) is an annual holiday that resulted from efforts of the labor union movement, to celebrate the economic and social achievements of workers. This can be traced back to the Knights of Labor in the United States, and a parade organized by them at that time on September 5, 1882 in New York City. In 1884 another parade was held, and the Knights passed resolutions to make this an annual event. Other labour organizations (and there were many), but notably the affiliates of the International Workingmen's Association who were seen as a hotbed of socialists and anarchists, favoured a May 1 holiday. With the event of Chicago's Haymarket riots in early May of 1886, president Grover Cleveland believed that a May 1 holiday could.
