Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language - Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language or (KQML) is a language and protocol, based on SGML, for exchanging information and knowledge, proposed in 1993. Work on KQML is led by Tim Finin of the University of Maryland Baltimore County, Lab for Advanced Information Technology. It is part of the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort. The KQML message format and protocol can be used to interact with an intelligent system, either by an application program, or by another intelligent system. KQML's "performatives" are operations that agents perform on each other's knowledge and goal stores. Higher-level interactions such as contract nets and negotiation are built using these. KQML's "communication facilitators" coordinate the interactions of other agents to support knowledge sharing. Experimental prototype systems support concurrent.
Distributed Artificial Intelligence - its environment and is able to follow its own plans. hybrid agent - A hybrid agent at last is a mixture of reactive and deliberative, that follows its own plans, but also sometimes directly reacts to external events without deliberation. Well recognied agent architectures that describe how an agent is internally structured are: Soar (an rule based approach) BDI (Believe Desire Intention, a general architecture the describes how plans are made) InterRAP (A three layer architecture, with a reactive, a deliberative and a social layer) PECS (Physics, Emotion, Cognition, Social, describes how those four parts influences the agents behaviour). Another important thing about agents is the ability to communicate. Important Agent Communication Languages a(ACL) are FIPA ACL (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents, a standardization consortium) and KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation.
Lisp programming language - Lisp programming language Lisp (which stands for "LISt Processing") is a programming language oriented towards functional programming. Its prominent features include prefix-notation syntax, dynamic typing (variables are type-neutral, but values have implicit type), and the ability to treat source code as first-class objects. Not counting the various machine languages and assembly languages, Lisp is the second-oldest programming language still in widespread use; only Fortran is older. Like Fortran, it has changed greatly since its early days. Strictly speaking, Lisp is now not a single language but a family of similarly-styled languages with an instantly recognizable appearance. These are known as Lisp dialects; the most well-known are Common Lisp and Scheme. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Syntax 3 Minimal Lisp 4 Example programs 5 Object systems 6.
Kuzari - all their minutiæ, and that those precepts are binding only on the adherents of Judaism. The question why the Jews only were thus favored with God's instruction is as little worthy of consideration as would be the question why the animals had not been created men. The Jew then shows that the immortality of the soul, resurrection, reward, and punishment are all implied in Scripture and are referred to in Jewish writings. Question of Attributes In the second essay Judah enters into a detailed discussion of some of the theological questions hinted at in the preceding one. To these belongs in the first place that of the divine attributes. Judah rejects entirely the doctrine of essential attributes which had been propounded by Saadia and Baḥya. For him there is no difference.
Education in Czechoslovakia - Istropolitana (Universitas Istropolitana) was founded in Bratislava in 1465. Before WWI, education was the chief instrument for dealing with ethnic diversity. Perhaps in no other aspect of public life did Czechoslovakia more effectively address the disparities among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Ukrainians, and Germans. Eight years of compulsory education in the native language of each ethnic minority did much to raise literacy rates, particularly among Slovaks and Ukrainians. An expanded program of vocational education increased the technical skills of the country's growing industrial labor force. Some disparities remained, however. Germans and Czechs predominated disproportionately in secondary schools and universities. Both in the Czech lands and in Slovakia, compulsory education, had begun in 1868. In the Czech lands, prosperous farmers and even cottagers and tenants had a long history of boarding their children.
Abbreviation - S. The period should be added if the abbreviation may be interpreted as a word, but otherwise there is no clear guide. There is no period between letters of the same word, e.g., St. and not S.t. for Saint. Whether to add an apostrophe for a plural, e.g., kms vs km's. The apostrophe is not needed grammatically but sometimes is added to make it clear that the s is not part of the abbreviation. In Chinese, abbreviations can be formed by using key characterss. For example, the renmin daibiao dahui (National People's Congress) becomes ren da. Alternatively, there may be a set of classical characters which are shorter and more formal, as in the case of Chinese provinces. see also: initialism, list of initialisms, acronym, list of acronyms, apocopation, TLA, Wikipedia.
Carbon (computing) - Mac OS X. The Carbon APIs have been designed to include as many of the older classic APIs as possible, to permit easy porting of legacy code to Mac OS X. Such porting is known in Mac programming parlance as Carbonising. Carbon also adds new APIs to make up some of the deficiencies in the older APIs. For example, in the classic APIs, many data structures were exposed and code was expected to manipulate or query fields within these structures directly. In Carbon, most such structures are now fully opaque, and so new APIs have been added to allow the same queries and manipulations to be done. Such changes require legacy source code to be slightly modified, but the result is usually cleaner and less error-prone code. Carbon does not include.
Saruman - in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colors as he moved. He wasn't actually a Man, or even an Elf (as Men often suspected) but a Maiar clothed in flesh (see Origins below) - an Istar. As such he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how and how far these powers could be expressed. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice. Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of most interest to him, particularly when related to power - such as the Rings of Power and the far seeing Palantíri. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as Númenor, Gondor and Moria. His voice and.
Semantic Web - web builds on many older hypertext systems back to the late 1960s, and lately the convergence of text-and-markup with knowledge representation. A "semantic" web is one consisting of documents that are put together in such a way that it facilitates automated information gathering and research in a far more meaningful way than can be accomplished with current web search tools. The most basic element is the semantic link. The usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resources will be enhanced through: documents 'marked up' with semantic information (an extension of the tags used in today's Web pages to supply information for Web search engines using web crawlers). This could be machine-readable information about the human-readable content of the document (such as the creator, title, description, etc of the.
Strategic enterprise management - that the employees are not paid twice for the same turnover; the VAD guarantees the infringement of the standard objective of the company: the creation of wealth measured by the profit. The AVD assures the realization of the AEV, (added economic value or operational profit of the investors). The calculation of added value on human resources supplies besides rate necessary for the audit of consolidation and the elaboration of earnings reports projected realists, because sat on the human resources value of which varies according to the indicator ‘’rotation - forming of the staff ": learning, hiring and departures. 2-Three levels of strategic control of companies// A system of strategic Management of companies is generally divided into four levels of control of piloting of the chain of internal value -Software packages of.
Subject-object problem - Marcuse and the Frankfurt School, while coming out of a Marxist background, found the class struggle seemed irrelevant to current political issues. Racial, and later, sexual politics were important matters of social debate at the time. It dawned on them that they could use sex roles, race, and similar identity politics divisions as proxies for the proletariat and the bourgeois capitalist of orthodox Marxism. A firm conviction that race and sex were subject to political manipulation therefore became an article of faith for these Marxist revisionists. This opened the back door for a sort of linguistic, anti-materialist idealism. The doctrine of social construction took centre stage, as does the incorporation of deconstructionism and critical theory. We are ultimately debarred from certain knowledge of an outside world, if it exist, because all.
Philosophy of mathematics - seen several different schools or strains, which primarily focus on metaphysics questions, ie, "Why does it work?", "Why does mathematics explain the physical world as we see it so well?" Three schools, intuitionism, logicism and formalism, emerged around the start of the 20th century in response to the increasingly widespread realisation that (as it stood) mathematics, and analysis in particular, did not live up to the standards of certainty and rigour with which it was over-credited. Each school addresses the issues that came to the fore at that time, either attempting to resolve them or claiming that mathematics is not entitled to its status as our most trusted knowledge. As certainty waned, the original foundations problem in mathematics ("which branch of mathematics is the one from which others are derived?") was.
Mind control - in fiction 10 Mind control as entertainment 11 References and external links Propaganda and overt persuasion With the onset of mass media like radio in the 1930s and later television, totalitarian regimes of the time capitalized on the new possibilities for manipulation and state propaganda. Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda genius, pioneered most of the methods which are still used by modern spin doctors. "A lie repeated many times becomes the Truth" was one of his particularly effective insights. Ironically, spin doctors play a very important role in those democracies dependent on public opinion. Totalitarian regimes use repression of freedom of speech to homogenize the population. Repression can range from simple censorship through character assassination to outright state sponsored murder. One notorious example is Stalin with his purges, but all governments, including.
Michel Foucault - (especially the philosophy of science in the French-speaking world), history, psychoanalysis, the history of science (especially scientific medicine), and the sociology of knowledge, which he can be said to have transformed altogether. He is considered a postmodernist and a poststructuralist (though some consider his earlier works, like The Order of Things, as structuralist - possibly reflecting a lack of distinction at the time). His structuralist or poststructuralist leanings have led others to question the basis of his political activism, a problem he shares with Noam Chomsky, George Lakoff and Jane Jacobs. His work grows out of that of French thinkers on the history of science. Foucault gathered historical evidence with remarkable fastidiousness, and included many minutiae to support his belief of the historical organization of power. In his various books, Foucault.
List of acronyms - Bend Over Here It Comes Again BODMAS - Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction BWARS - Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society CAD - Computer Aided Design CALABARZON - a region in the Philippines: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon (not an acronym in the strictest sense) CBE - Commander of the Order of the British Empire CBC - Cipher Block Chaining CERN - Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire COBOL - Common Business-Oriented Language COD - Cash On Delivery CREEP - Committee to Re-elect the President DBE - Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire DINK - Double income, no kids DOI - Digital Object Identifier DOS - Density of State / Disk Operating System / Denial of Service EPCOT - Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow FEMA - Federal.
List of computing topics - do update the page accordingly. At the end is a list of important computer people. See also List of programmers. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Symbols/Numbers 1.TR.6 -- 100BaseFX -- 100BaseTX -- 100BaseT -- 100BaseVG -- 100VG-AnyLAN -- 10base2 -- 10base5 -- 10baseT -- 120 reset -- 16-bit -- 16-bit application -- 16550 UART -- 1NF -- 1TBS -- 2.PAK -- 20-Gate programming language -- 20-GATE -- 28-bit -- 2B1D -- 2B1Q -- 2D -- 2NF -- 3-tier (computing) -- 32-bit application -- 32-bit -- 320xx microprocessor -- 320xx -- 386BSD -- 386SPART.PAR -- 3Com Corporation -- 3DO -- 3D -- 3GL -- 3NF -- 3Station -- 4.2BSD -- 404.
List of Unix programs - for dpkg ar - Maintain, modify, and extract from, archives asa at - Single-time command scheduler awk - A pattern scanning and processing language basename - Returns the final component of a path bash - Bourne Again SHell, the most common shell on *nix systems batch bc - Calculator program bzip2 - Block-sorting file compressor c99 cal - Displays a calendar cat - Concatenate files to standard output cflow chgrp - Change the group of a file or directory chmod - Change the permissions of a file or directory chown - Change the owner of a file or directory cksum - Print the CRC checksum and bytecount of a file cmp - Compare two files byte for byte colon comm - Sort two files and compare them line for line command.
Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition - Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition Kant and the Platypus : Essays on Language and Cognition is a book by Umberto Eco which was published in Italian in 1997. An English edition, translated by Alastair McEwen, appeared in 1999. The book develops some aspects of Eco's A Theory of Semiotics which came out in 1976. In the first chapter Eco develops Nietzsche's argument that the truth is a poetically elaborated "mobile army of metaphors, metonymies and anthropomorphisms" that subsequently gel into knowledge, "illusions whose illusory nature has been forgotten", as the metaphors are reduced to schemata and concepts. In chapter two, working with ideas derived from Charles Peirce and Immanuel Kant, Eco compares linguistic and perceptual meaning when confronted with the unencountered. Chapter three explores the.
Knowledge representation - Knowledge representation Knowledge representation is a central problem in artificial intelligence. The question is how to store and manipulate knowledge in an information system in a formal way so that it may be used by mechanisms to accomplish a given task. Examples of applications are expert systems, machine translation systems, computer-aided maintenance systems and information retrieval systems (including database front-ends). Some people think it would be best to represent knowledge in the same way that it is represented in human mind, which is the only known working intelligence so far, or to represent knowledge in the form of human language. Unfortunately, we don't know how knowledge is represented in the human mind, or how to manipulate human languages in the same way as the human mind..
Knowledge Representation System - Knowledge Representation System The Knowledge Representation System (KRS) is a frame-based language built on Common LISP. This article (or an earlier version of it) contains material from FOLDOC, used with permission..
