Konstantin von Neurath - Konstantin von Neurath Freiherr (Lord) Konstantin von Neurath (February 2, 1873 - August 14, 1956) was a German diplomat, Foreign Minister of Germany (1932-1938) and Reichsprotektor (Governor) of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1941 (1943)). He was born in Württemberg, the son of minor Swabian nobility. He studied law in Tübingen and at the University of Berlin. After graduating in 1892 he joined a local law firm in his home town. He joined the civil service in 1901 and worked for the Foreign Office in Berlin. In 1903 he was assigned to the embassy in London as Vice-Consul, from 1909 he was legationsrat at the embassy. In 1914 he was sent to the embassy in Constantinople. During WW I he served as an officer with an infantry regiment.
Joachim von Ribbentrop - Joachim von Ribbentrop Joachim von Ribbentrop (April 30, 1893 - October 15, 1946) was the German Foreign Minister from 1938 until 1945. A wealthy wine merchant, he joined the National Socialist party in 1932 and soon met and impressed Adolf Hitler with his knowledge of foreign affairs. He became Hitler's favourite foreign policy advisor and was a great admirer and slavish follower of Hitler. He was Minister Plenipotentiary at Large (1935 - 1936) and negotiated the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1935 and the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936, in August 1936 he was appointed Ambassador to Great Britain. In 1938 he succeeded Konstantin von Neurath as Foreign Minister in Hitler's government. He played a role in the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938), in the conclusion of the Russo-German.
Spandau Prison - Trials. Only seven prisoners were finally imprisoned there: Rudolf Hess, Erich Raeder, Walther Funk, Albert Speer, Baldur von Schirach, Konstantin von Neurath, and Karl Dönitz. It was near, though not part of, the ancient Spandau Citadel fortress and was demolished after the death of Hess in 1987 (who had been the only prisoner since 1966) to prevent it becoming a Neo-Nazi shrine. To further ensure its erasure, the site is now a complex parking facility, and all demolished materials from the prison were ground to powder and dispersed into the cold waters of the North Sea. Of note, Spandau was one of only two four-power organizations to exist during the Cold War. The four occupying powers of Berlin would alternate control of the prison on a monthly basis, each having the.
Reinhard Heydrich - something that was to haunt him personally and politically for much of his life, even though there was no basis in reality for it. Heydrich had early fascinations with the extreme right and racialist ideology, participating in the freikorps when he was young. In 1922 he joined the navy, however he was later dismissed when he had a brief liason with a shipyard director's daughter, and subsequently became engaged to a young woman, Lina von Osten. The daughter told her father of her anger over the incident, and he was subsequently charged with "conduct unbecoming to an officer and a gentleman". His behaviour in court was apparently so disdainful that the court also rebuked him for insubordination. Heydrich was left with no career prospects, however, he remained engaged to von Osten,.
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia - Czechs of Bohemia and Moravia, German occupation was a period of brutal oppression, made even more painful by the memory of independence and democracy. Legally, Bohemia and Moravia were declared a protectorate of the Third Reich and were placed under the supervision of the Reich protector, Baron Konstantin von Neurath. German officials manned departments analogous to cabinet ministries. Small German control offices were established locally. The Gestapo assumed police authority. Jews were dismissed from the civil service and placed in an extralegal position. Communism was banned, and many Czech communists fled. The population of the protectorate was mobilized for labor that would aid the German war effort, and special offices were organized to supervise the management of industries important to that effort. Czechs were drafted to work in coal mines, the.
Nazi Germany - The campaign in Italy eventually bogged down as the focus of attention for the Western allied was drawn to opening up a new front. Defeat in the East, the Invasion of Normandy and final defeat In the east the Germans had been steadily withdrawing in the face of increasingly capable Red Army offensives. While the Battle of Kursk in July 1943 was not an overwhelming victory for the Soviets it seriously depleted the Germans arsenal of much needed armoured vehicles and Germany was unable to launch another serious offensive in the east. By the time of D-Day invasion on 6 June 1944, German forces were stretched thinly on three fronts. By August, Soviet forces had crossed into eastern Germany. Allied forces crossed the Rhine a month later. In December of 1944.
Nuremberg Trials - theory, it ignores the fact that it runs counter to the administration of law in every country. If it were true then no spy could be given a legal trial, because his case is always heard by judges representing the enemy country. Yet no one has ever argued that in such cases it was necessary to call on neutral judges. The prisoner has the right to demand that his judges shall be fair, but not that they shall be neutral. As Lord Writ has pointed out, the same principle is applicable to ordinary criminal law because 'a burglar cannot complain that he is being tried by a jury of honest citizens." The Legality of the Nuremberg Trials, Juridical Review, April 1946 The main Soviet judge, Nikitchenko, had taken part in Stalin's.
List of Germans - (1926-1991), actor and father of Nastassia Kinski Hildegard Knef, (1925-2002), actress, singer, writer Armin Mueller-Stahl, (born 1930), actor Artists Hans von Aachen, (1552-1615), mannerist painter Albrecht Altdorfer, (1480-1538), painter Joseph Beuys, (1921-1986), artist Arnold Böcklin, (1827-1901), painter Lucas Cranach the Elder, (1472-1553), painter Lucas Cranach the Younger, (1515-1586), painter Albrecht Dürer, (1471-1528), painter Max Ernst, (1891-1976), surrealist painter Caspar David Friedrich, (1774-1840), painter Walter Gropius, (1883-1969), architect George Grosz, (1893-1959), artist Hannah Höch - artist Hans Holbein the Elder, (c.1465-1524), painter Hans Holbein the Younger, (c.1497-1543), illustrator, painter Janosch, (1931), artist known for his books for children Franz Marc, (1880-1916), painter Eberhard Schlotter (1921), painter Carl Spitzweg, (1808-1885), painter Composers Karl Friedrich Abel, (1725-1787), composer Martin Agricola, (1466-1506), composer Siegfried Alkan, (1858 - 1941), composer Johann Sebastian Bach, (1685-1750), composer Ludwig.
List of people associated with World War II - SS and the Gestapo sent to occupied France where he became known as The Butcher of Lyon Bayerlein, Fritz, Panzer general Ludwig Beck, (1880-1944), General and member of the July Plot Johannes Blaskowitz, Colonel General Hugo Bleicher, German counter-intelligence operative in France Fedor von Bock, Field marshal Juana Bormann, (1903-1945), an SS officer at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen death camps. Martin Bormann, (1900-unknown), highest ranking Nazi party administrator Herta Bothe, camp guard at Bergen-Belsen Hans Bothmann (1911-1946), a Commandant of the Chelmno death camp in central Poland Dr. Karl Brandt, ran the German T-4 Euthanasia Program Eva Braun, (1912-1945), Hitler's mistress Wernher von Braun, (1912-1977), rocket scientist Prescott Bush, (1895-1972), banker and Nazi sympathizer Wilhelm Canaris, (1887-1945), chief of Abwehr Prof. Dr. Carl Clauberg conducted experiments on Jewish women at Auschwitz extermination.
List of people by name: Ne - 1942), singer-songwriter Nespolo, Ugo, Italian painter Ness, Eliot, (1903-1957), US prohibition agent Nesteutes, John, patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, (428-431), Antiochene theologian, founded Nestorianism Nestroy, Johann, (1801-1862), dramatist, author Netanyahu, Benjamin, (1949-), Israeli prime minister Netanyahu, Yoni, (1946-1976), Israeli leader of Entebbe raid Netzel, Frank, (born 1953), Political Activist and Freedom Fighter Neuber, Friederike Caroline, (1697-1760), actress Neuberger, Hermann, (born 1919) Neufeld, Mace, (born 1928), film producer Neuhaus, Johann Karl Friedrich, Swiss president Neumann, Balthasar, architect Neumann, Johann Balthasar, (1687-1753), master builder Neumeier, John, (born 1942), choreographer Neumeister, Ed, musician Neurath, Konstantin von, (1873-1956), Nazi foreign minister Neurath, Otto, (1882-1945), philosopher Neuss, Wolfgang, (born 1923), cabaretist and actor (+ 1989 Neutra, Richard, architect Neuville, Oliver, (born 1973), soccer player, National Team Of Germany Nevanlinna, Rolf, (1895-1980), Finnish mathematician Nevelskoi, Gennadi, captain and.
Friedrich Karl von Hessen - Friedrich Karl von Hessen Prince Frederick of Hesse (May 1, 1868 - May 28, 1940), Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin, Prinz und Landgraf von Hessenn, brother-in-law to Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and elected king of Finland (October 9, 1918). In the Finnish election document the prince is called Fredrik Kaarle but his title as king would have been Väinö I of Finland. On November 11, 1918, the armistice between the warring fractions of World War I was signed, and two days earlier Kaiser Wilhelm had abdicated and Germany was declared a Republic. Germany's defeat in the war, and the stated fact that none of the allies would ever accept a German-born prince as the king of Finland, led Frederick to finally renounce the throne on December 14, 1918,.
Kim Philby - at the of 17 and joins the Cambridge University Socialist Society, later becoming Treasurer. 1930 Guy Burgess arrives at Trinity from Eton. 1931 Defeat of the Labour Government. Philby becomes a more ardent socialist. 1933 Leaves Cambridge a convinced Communist with a Degree in Economics, then goes to Vienna where Chancellor Dr Engelbert Dollfuss is preparing the first 'putsch' in February 1934. Philby becomes a Soviet Agent. 1934 Clash between the Gov't and Socialists in Vienna. On Feb 24 Philby marries Litzi Friedman ; then in May, after the collapse of the Socialist movement in Vienna, he returns with his wife to England. He begins work as a sub-editor of a Liberal monthly review, and joins the Anglo-German Fellowship of which Burgess is also a member - its pro-Hitler magazine, supported.
Herman Potocnik - The publisher, Richard Carl Schmidt, printed the year 1929 as a publishing date, probably from a purely business motive (to keep the book looking new throughout the coming year) and this date is often mistakenly given as the actual date of publication. In 188 pages and 100 illustrations, Potočnik set out a plan for a breakthrough into space and the establishment of a permanent human presence there. He conceived a space station in detail and calculated its geostationary orbit. The book was translated into Russian in early 1935, Slovene in 1986 (by the Slovenska matica), and English in 1999 (by NASA). With his many ideas he became one of the founders of astronautics. His concepts were first taken seriously only by the amateur rocketry movement in Germany, the Verein für Raumschiffahrt.
Hermann Oberth - born in the Transylvanian city that is now Sibiu, Romania, but was at that time Hermannstadt, Siebenbürgen, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire Oberth was, along with the Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and the American Robert Goddard, one of the three founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics. The three were never active collaborators: instead, their parallel achievements occurred independently of one another. By his own account and that of many others, around the age of 11 Oberth became fascinated with the field in which he was to make his mark through the writings of Jules Verne, especially From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon, re-reading them to the point of memorization. Influenced by Verne's books and ideas, Oberth constructed his first model rocket as a school student of 14. In his.
Goldberg Variations - but nowadays frequently performed on the piano. It was probably written around 1741 for Count Hermann Karl von Keyserlingk; it was performed for the count by his talented young harpsichordist Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, after whom the work was ultimately named. A popular story regarding the piece is that Count Keyserlingk suffered from insomnia, and Goldberg would often play him Bach's variations to lull him to sleep--or perhaps, given the absorbing character of the work, simply to help him pass the night. The aria on which the variations are based may or may not be by Bach himself. It appears elsewhere in the notebook of music owned by Bach's second wife Anna Magdalena Bach. After a statement of the aria the beginning of the piece, there are thirty variations. The variations generally.
Economic calculation problem - is a criticism of socialist economics. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in 1920. Those who agree with this criticism claim it is a refutation of socialism and that it shows why a socialist command economy could never work. The argument goes roughly as follows: The variation and selection, in the market, of prices for goods and services (including capital goods) are the means by which consumers and producers become aware of needs and the availability of supplies. Without private property in the means of production of goods and services, there will be no market system and hence no pricing mechanism. Without the information the pricing mechanism provides, participants in the economy will be unable to calculate efficient use of capital to produce the goods and services proportionally with.
December 10 - Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat win the Nobel Peace Prize 1983 - Lech Walesa wins the Nobel Peace Prize. The prize is accepted by his wife, Danuta. 1984 - Desmond Tutu wins the Nobel Peace Prize 1986 - Elie Wiesel wins the Nobel Peace Prize 1993 - Shareware version of Doom is released Births 1787 - Thomas Gallaudet, educator (+ 1851) 1805 - William Lloyd Garrison, abolitionist, journalist (+ 1879) 1815 - Ada Lovelace, first computer programmer (+ 1852) 1822 - César Franck, composer and organist (+ 1890) 1830 - Emily Dickinson, poet (+ 1886) 1845 - Wilhelm von Bode, art historian (+ 1929) 1851 - Melvil Dewey, librarian, creator of the Dewey Decimal Classification system (+ 1931) 1870 - Adolf Loos, architect (+ 1933) 1882 - Otto Neurath, philosopher 1891.
1895 - is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club. (Latrobe won the contest 12-0.). November 5 - George B. Selden is granted the first U.S. patent for an automobile. November 8 - Wilhelm Röntgen discovers a type of radiation later known as X-rays. November 27 - At the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Alfred Nobel signs his last will and testament, setting aside his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after he dies (he died of a cerebral hemorrhage on December 10, 1896). Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposes a space elevator Last major earthquake in the New Madrid Fault Zone Year in topic 1895 in film 1895 in literature 1895 in music 1895 in sports Births January 1 - J. Edgar Hoover, FBI director January 20 - George Burns,.
1926 - Williamsburg begins. December 25 - In Japanese History, end of the Taisho period and beginning of the Showa Era and the period of Japanese expansionism Year in topic 1926 in film 1926 in literature 1926 in music 1926 in sports Births January 3 - George Martin, "5th Beatle": producer of The Beatles' records, later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame January 5 - Maria Schell, actress January 8 - Soupy Sales, comedian January 11 - Lev Demin, cosmonaut (†1998) January 12 - Ray Price, country music singer January 14 - Tom Tryon, actor, novelist (†1991) January 14 - Maria Schell, Swiss actress January 17 - Moira Shearer, actress, dancer January 19 - Fritz Weaver, actor January 20 - David Tudor, pianist and composer January 20 -.
1966 - 24 - A military coup in Ghana raises sacked general Ankrah to power while president Kwame Nkrumah is abroad. March 1 - Venera 3 Soviet space probe crashes on Venus becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface. March 1 - The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria March 4 - John Lennon says, "We (The Beatles) are more popular than Jesus" later sparking controversy in the United States. March 8 - Vietnam War: Australia announces it was going to substantially increase its number of troops in Vietnam. March 8- A bomb planted by an Irish Republican destroys Nelson's Pillar in Dublin. March 10 - Crown Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands marries Claus von Amsberg. March 17 - Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the ALVIN submarine.
