Kristallnacht - Kristallnacht The Kristallnacht, also known as Reichskristallnacht or, in English, The Night of Broken Glass, involved a massive pogrom against Jewish citizens throughout Germany in the night from November 9 to November 10, 1938. On November 7, 1938, Ernst vom Rath, secretary of the German Embassy in Paris, was shot dead by Herschel Grynszpan, a Jewish German who had fled to France. Herschel had received a letter from his family, who had been deported from Germany to Poland on October 28, together with 17,000 other Jews. Many of these people had resided most of their lives in Germany: some were decorated German veterans of the first World War. Without warning, the Nazis gathered these German-Polish families in the middle of the night and deported them to.
Herschel Grynszpan - at the border. On 7 November Grynszpan went to the German Embassy, where he shot Ernst vom Rath, a junior diplomat, three times in the abdomen. Vom Rath died two days later. The assassination was run on the front pages of all German newspapers, on the instructions of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. It was the excuse used by the Nazi regime to launch a massive pogrom against the German Jewish communities, known to history as the Kristallnacht. There are two theories about Grynszpan's motives. The first is that he simply went to the Embassy in a rage and shot the first German he saw. A variant on this is that he mistook vom Rath for the German Ambassador, Graf Johannes Welczek. This view, that Grynszpan acted solely out of rage at.
History of Cologne - Cologne to be elevated to Archbishop. Bruno I (925-965), younger brother of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, founded several monasteries here. Subsequent Archbishops of Cologne became very influential as advisers to the Saxon, Salian and Hohenstaufen dynasties. Since 1031, they also held the office of Arch-Chancellor of Italy. Between 1159 and 1167, Rainald von Dassel was Archbishop of Cologne, as well as being Imperial Chancellor and adviser to Emperor Frederick Barbarossa...... In 1821, the Archbishopric was re-instated, and the Archbishops resided again in the city. The Hanseatic League Cologne was a leading member of the "Hansa", especially through trading with England. The French In 1794, the French occupied Cologne. The Prussians In 1814, Cologne was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops. In 1815, Cologne and the Rhineland were allocated to Prussia..
History of anti-Semitism - a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy. 1558 Recanti, Italy: a baptized Jew Joseph Paul More enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protection of Pope Paul IV and tried to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews are expelled from Recanti. 1559 12,000 copies of Talmud burned in Milan. 1563 Feb. Russian troops take Polotsk from Lithuania, Jews are given ultimatum: embrace Russian Orthodox Church or die. Around 300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of Dvina river. 1564 Brest-Litovsk: the son of a wealthy Jewish tax collector is accused of killing the family's Christian servant for ritual purposes. He is tortured and killed. 1590 King Philip II of Spain orders expulsion of Jews from Lombardy. His order is ignored by.
Gustav Schwarzenegger - a member of the Sturmabteilung (SA), later known as "Storm troopers" or "Brown Shirts." He joined the SA on May 1, 1939, about a half year after the SA assisted in the launch of Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night" or "Night of the Broken Glass") with SA Unit 512. That was one year after Germany invaded Austria. Schwarzenegger's war record has come under public scrutiny since his son won the 2003 California Recall election. The investigation bore no evidence of war crime. Gustav Schwarzenegger married Aurelia Jadrny (July 2, 1922- August 2, 1998) on October 5, 1945, in Mursteg, Steiermark, Austria. He died in Weiz, Steiermark, Austria, where he was transferred as a policeman. He is buried in Weiz Cemetery, Weiz, Steiermark, Austria. His son Arnold Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Aurelia.
Fritz Thyssen - became the major financial supporter of the Nazi Party. He was also an ideological supporter, since he backed repression against trade unions and left-wing parties. However, he was in strong disagreement with the religious prosecutions of Jews. Following the Kristallnacht, Thyssen resigned to all his political offices and fled to Switzerland and then to France. Hitler confiscated all his property and demanded his capture. The Vichy government of occupied France promptly obeyed and Thyssen was sent to a concentration camp. Thyssen was freed in 1945 but shortly afterwards arrested and convicted for being a former member of the Nazi Party. He lost about 15% of his property to war victims. He died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1951. This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it..
1938 - connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. September - European crisis over German demand for annexation of Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia. September 29 - Munich agreement of German, Italian, British and French leaders agrees to German demands. October 30 - Orson Welles's radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds is broadcast, causing mass panic in the eastern United States. October 31 - Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public. November 9 - Holocaust: Kristallnacht begins - In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi troops and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair saw 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed,.
Berlin Wall - its border restrictions with Austria and in September 1989 more than 13,000 East Germans escaped via Hungary. Mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began in the fall of 1989. Erich Honecker resigned on October 18, 1989, and he was replaced by a short-lived successor Egon Krenz a few days later. The travel restrictions for East Germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on November 9, 1989. After a misunderstanding, Günter Schabowski announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned, and tens of thousands of people immediately went to the Wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through. November 9 is thus considered the date when the Wall fell. On Christmas Day, December 25, 1989 Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin.
Claus von Stauffenberg - in Bamberg, the Reiter- und Kavallerieregiment 17 (17th Cavalry Regiment). In 1933 Adolf Hitler came to power and while some aspects of the party were repugnant to him, he was not initially in complete opposition to their ideas, especially in the area of nationalism. However after Kristallnacht in November 1938 he felt that great shame had been brought upon Germany and it had deeply offended his sense of morality and justice. The treatment of the Jews and the suppression of religion in Germany made Stauffenberg more and more an opponent of the Nazis. In the military, he had worked his way through the grades and on 1 January 1937 he was promoted to Hauptmann, a rank he would hold for the next six years. His regiment became part of the Sixth.
Siegfried Alkan - related to the brilliant French composer and pianist Charles-Valentin Alkan, but he was like the latter a scion of Jewish families from the Moselle region. In 1938 the octogenerian Siegfried Alkan became a victim of the "Kristallnacht". His instruments were destroyed and he himself was brutally beaten by Nazi hordes. In his last years he had to wear the infamous "Yellow Star". Many works of Siegfried Alkan seem to be lost. Still known are for example the compositions "Gruß an die Saar" (Opus 32), "O wüsstest du´s" (Opus 39), "Neues Saarlied" (Opus 91) and "Ur-Großmütterchen" (Opus 80), which was very popular in the time after World War I..
Racial policy of Nazi Germany - Nazi Germany. In the period 1937-1938, harsh new laws were implemented, and the segregation of Jews from the true German "Aryan" population was started. In particular, Jews were punished financially for their race. On 1 March 1938, Government contracts could not be awarded to Jewish businesses. On 30 September of the same year, "Aryan" doctors could only treat "Aryan" patients. This was ridiculous, since Jews were banned from being doctors or having any professional jobs. This severely limited the doctors Jews could go to for healthcare. On 17 August, Jews were to be called "Israel" and "Sarah" respectively, and a large letter "J" was to be imprinted on their passports on 5 October. On 15 November Jewish children were banned from going to normal schools. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish.
Pogrom - be usually organized or supported by the Russian special services of that time The pogroms encouraged the first emigration of Russian Jews to the United States. Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the following Russian civil war. However they were not limited to Russia, the Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany is now usually called Pogromnacht. Other examples: citation from [1]: Not only did India’s BJP Prime Minister, Atal Biharee Vajpayee, fail to condemn Modi and the Gujarati state government for their role in organizing the Muslim pogroms... More about pogroms of Jews: History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union, anti-Semitism, Race riot.
William Lyon Mackenzie King - new government, but when Meighen called a new election in 1926 a short time later, King was re-elected and the Liberals returned to power. Depression and War In his second term he introduced old-age pensions, but he lost the election of 1930 to Richard Bedford Bennett. Unfortunately for Bennett, his government was in power during the beginning of the Great Depression, and King was re-elected once more in the 1935 election. The worst of the Depression had passed, and King implemented relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission, and also created the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1936 and Trans-Canada Airlines (the precursor to Air Canada) in 1937. King hoped an outbreak of war in the 1930s could be avoided. He had met with Hermann Goering and.
Nazi Germany - Straßer Julius Streicher Jürgen Stroop Otto von Stülpnagel Friedrich Syrup Josef Terboven Otto Thierack Fritz Todt Hans Trummler Hans von Tschammer und Osten Xavier Vallat Albert Vögler Hermann Voß Hilmar Wäckerle Otto Wagener Adolf Wagner Gerhard Wagner Josef Wagner Robert Wagner Christian Weber Wilhelm Weiß Horst Wessel Robert Wetzel Max Winkler Giselher Wirsing Christian Wirth Hermann Wirth Karl Wolff Adolf Ziegler Matthes Ziegler Wilhelm Ziegler Hans Zöberlein Franz Ziereis Military Karl Dönitz Erwin Rommel Wilhelm Keitel Claus von Stauffenberg Wilhelm Canaris Alfred Jodl Hanna Reitsch Ernst Udet Other Gottfried Benn Eva Braun Werner von Braun Houston Stewart Chamberlain Anton Drexler Gottfried Feder Friedrich Flick Theodor Fritsch Hans Friedrich Karl Günther (not to be confused with Hans Günther) Karl Harrer Willibald Hentschel Alfred Hoche Armin D. Lehmann Lanz von Liebenfels Karl Lueger.
November 9 - progress of the Panama Canal (this was the first time a sitting President of the United States made an official trip outside of the United States). 1918 - Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands. 1918 - Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic. 1923 - Beer Hall Putsch fails: In Munich, policeman and troops crush the first Nazi Party attempt to seize control of the German government. 1932 - Riots between conservative and socialist supporters in Switzerland - 12 dead, 60 injured. 1938 - Holocaust: Kristallnacht (also Reichspogromnacht) begins - In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi troops and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair saw 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed,.
Worms, Germany - the romanesque old city fortification still exist, making the city Germany's second in romanesque architecture only to Cologne. Having receiving far-reaching privileges from King Henry IV (later Emperor Henry III) as early as 1074, the city later became a Reichsstadt, being independent of a local territory and responsible only to the Emperor himself. As a result, Worms was the site of several important events in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1122 the Concordat of Worms was signed; in 1495, a Reichstag took an attempt at reforming the disintegrating Reich. Maybe most importantly, at the end of the Reichstag of 1521 (commonly known as the Diet of Worms), in the Edict of Worms, Martin Luther was declared an outlaw after refusing to recant his religious beliefs. The city is.
List of massacres - The Massacre at Wounded Knee, December 29, 1890 Kishinev (currently Chisinau) - Moldova, 1903 Amritsar Massacre - India, April 13, 1919 St. Valentine's Day Massacre - February 14, 1929 Hebron massacre - Palestine, 1929 Nanjing Massacre, also called Rape of Nanking - China, 1937 Pogromnacht, also called Kristallnacht - Germany, 1938 Katyn Massacre - Soviet Union, (1940) massacre of Polish Intelligentsia, POW reserve officers Massacre in Yedwabne - Poland, 1941 Babi Yar massacre - Ukraine, September 29 and September 30, 1941 Lidice Massacre - Czechoslovakia, May 29, 1942 Massacre in Koniuchy - Poland, 1944 Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre - France, June 10, 1944 Malmedy massacre - Belgium, December 17, 1944 Hadassah medical convoy massacre - Palestine, 1948 Deir Yassin massacre - Palestine, 1948 Arab al-Mawasi massacre - Palestine, 1948 Qibya massacre - West.
List of German expressions in English - (usually followed by an exclamation mark) Gleichschaltung Glockenspiel Hakenkreuz Hamburger Hammerklavier Heimatvertriebene Heldentenor Hinterland Junker Kaffeeklatsch Kaiser Kanone Kapellmeister Kaput (German spelling: kaputt) Karabiner Katzenjammer Kinderfeindlichkeit Kindergarten (literally children's garden) Kitsch (Yiddish) Kobold Kraft durch Freude Kraut Kriegspiel Kristallnacht Kulturkampf Künstlerroman Kursaal Lager (beer) Landgrave Lebensraum Lebkuchen Lederhosen (Singular Lederhose in German denotes one pair of trousers. The original Bavarian word is Lederhosn, which is both singular and plural.) Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) Lied (pronounced "leed") Lieder ohne Worte Luftmensch Luftwaffe Lumpenproletariat Methodenstreit Minnesinger (German spelling: 'Minnesänger') Muesli (German spelling: 'Müesli') Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant-Colonel) Oktoberfest Ostflucht Ostpolitik Panzer Poltergeist Privatdozent Pumpernickel Putsch Putzfrau Rathskeller Realpolitik Reich (Empire) Reichstag (Imperial Diet; see Reichstag (building) and Reichstag (institution)) Reinheitsgebot Rosenkavalier Rucksack (backpack) Sauerbraten Sauerkraut Schadenfreude Schnapps (German spelling: Schnaps) Schnitzel Schuss Sexualpolitik Sitz im.
