Kushan - Kushan The Kushan Empire At its height, about 150 - 250 CE, Kushan rule stretched from Tajikistan to the Caspian Sea to Afghanistan and down into the Ganges river valley. The empire was created by Tocharians from modern Xinjiang. At their height, they had diplomatic contacts with Rome, Sassanian Persia and China. The name Kushan derives from the Chinese term, traditionally transliterated Guishang, that described a branch of the Yuezhi (q.v.)— a loose confederation of Indo-European peoples speaking versions of the Indo-European Tocharian language. They were the easternmost Indo-Europeans, who had been living in the arid grasslands of the Karim Basin, until they were driven west by another group, the Xiongnu, in 176–160 BCE. The Yuezhi reached Hellenized Bactria (northernmost Afghanistan and Uzbekistan) around 135 B.C..
King Kanishka - scope of this article. The interested reader is encouraged to follow the external links below. Most recent debate however has focused around the relatively narrow period between 78 and 128 AD as the likely date of ascension. Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from the Oxus in the west to Varanasi in the east and from Kashmir in the North to the cost of Gujarat in the south, including Malwa. Knowledge of his hold over Central Asia is less well established. Chinese records indicate that general Pan-Chao defeated a Kushan army at Khotan in 90 AD. Also controlling the land and sea trade routes between India and Rome seems to have been one of Kanishka's chief imperial goals. A great deal of information about the Kushana kings has been gathered.
Hephthalite - as "Yeda", although the Korean pronunciation "Yoptal" (엽달) is much more recognisable and is certainly a much more archaic fossilisation. Their later name Hephthal (which some sources indicate were originally one of the 5 Yuezhi or 月氏 families from Kushan) is supposed to have been a name drived from their ruling elite. Throughout the 5th century, it was the Huer who managed to succeed to the Central Eurasian Hun heritage in a campaign which spread from Tienshan to Carpathy. After the failure of Xiong's Zhou County (352CE) the influence of the Huer dragon tribe started to expand. The influence of the northern deer-people (Elunchun) retreated north up the Yenisei as the Huer chased a western portion of the Choni into Uzbekistan (Late 4thC Alchoni) while the eastern branch founded the Xiong's.
History of Pakistan - from the Caucasus region in what is now Russia (see Aryan invasion). The Aryans were followed in 500 B.C. by Persians and, in 326 B.C., by Alexander the Great. The "Gandhara culture" flourished in much of present-day Pakistan. The Indo-Greek descendants of Alexander the Great saw the most creative period of the Gandhara (Buddhist) culture. For 200 years after the Kushan Dynasty was established in A.D. 50, Taxila (near Islamabad) became a renowned center of learning, philosophy, and art. Pakistan's Islamic history began with the arrival of Muslim traders in the 8th century. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mogul Empire dominated most of South Asia, including much of present-day Pakistan. British traders arrived in South Asia in 1601, but the British Empire did not consolidate control of the region.
History of South Asia - Kingdoms Main article: Middle kingdoms of India The political map of ancient and medieval India was made up of myriad kingdoms with fluctuating boundaries. The Aryans were followed in 500 B.C. by Persians and, in 326 B.C., by Alexander the Great. The "Gandhara culture" flourished in much of present-day Pakistan. The Indo-Greek descendants of Alexander the Great saw the most creative period of the Gandhara (Buddhist) culture. For 200 years after the Kushan Dynasty was established in A.D. 50, Taxila (near Islamabad) became a renowned center of learning, philosophy, and art. In the 4th and 5th centuries, northern India was unified under the Gupta Dynasty. During this period, known as India's Golden Age, Hindu culture and political administration reached new heights. Rise of Islam Main article: Rise of Islam in South.
Uighur - most recent of which is China. Since the 10th century, Uighurs are typically Muslims. Before Islam, Uighurs were Manicheans or Buddhists, and were, in fact, not quite Uighur. Today's Uighurs descend from the Turkic tribe as well as the pre-Turkic Indo-European-speaking Tocharians (or Tokharians). Today, one can still see light-skinned, -haired, and -eyed citizenry belonging the Uighur ethnic group. Famous Uighurs include Wu'er kaixi. See also: Uighur language, East Turkestan, Uighurstan, Kushan.
Huaguo - tribes threw off the Xiong they, like their other ex-Nu counterparts, started to extend their own influence. According to the Liang chih-kung-t'u they later re-emmerged under the leadership of the Hephthal (see Hephthalites) (which some sources indicate were originally one of the 5 Yuezhi or 月氏 families from Kushan) who called themselves Hua and are described as the same in origin. It seems that they also have been refered to as Uar and were one element of the Mongolian Bar-guni.
Afghan National Museum - of Afghanistan, many statues and artifacts were destroyed under government order. No longer is this actively done. Many treasures of ivory are stored there, as also are antiquities from Kushan, early Buddhism, and early Islam. It was founded in the 1920s. See Also: Afghan Museum.
Yuezhi - taught him a set of excercises known as the yick kan ging. According to Chinese records, the Yuezhi Saca were a confederacy of (traditionally) 5 tribes which moved west out of Gansu province of China and eventually settled in Afghanistan where they founded the Kushan empire. One of the YueChi tribes left in Bactria while the rest of the YueChi invaded india as the Kushans came to rule the Xiyon (Chionites) and were known as KiToLo (Kidara). The Kidarites themselves were displaced by the expansion of yet another of their families left in Bactria, the YepTal (Hephthal) who came to rule a union of Alchoni and Hua (later known in the west as Avars). In the end, the Hephthalites too eventually invaded India. Thus according to Chinese sources, the three most.
Tocharian languages - known Buddhist works in Sanskrit and some of them were even bilingual, thus providing a kind of Rosetta stone that has facilitated decipherment of the new language. The bulk of the texts were dated from the seventh and eighth centuries. Besides the Buddhist and Manichaen religious texts, there were also monastery correspondence and accounts, commercial documents, caravan permits, and medical and magical texts. Many Tocharians embraced Manichaean duality or Buddhism. Tocharian has upset some theories about the relations of Indo-European languages and is revitalizing linguistic studies. The Tocharian languages are a major geographic exception to the usual pattern of Indo-European branches, being the only one that spread directly east from the theoretical Indo-European starting point in southern Russia. Tocharian was the language of the short-lived, yet influential Kushan empire. Tocharian probably.
Tocharians - have argued that they were in fact the same as the Yuezhi , q.v.), by the Greekss as Tocharoi, and by the Turks as Twghry. A branch of the Yuezhi were the Kushan (q.v.), whose loosely-constituted empire was at its height in the first centuries of the Common Era, and stretched from the Indus Valley to the Aral Sea, embracing much of the route of the Silk Road. Earlier mummified burials suggest that precursors of these easternmost Indo-European speakers may have lived in the region of Xinjiang and the Karim Basin from around 1000 BC until finally they were assimilated by Uighur Turks in the 8th century CE. Their late manuscript fragments, of the 7th and 8th centuries, suggest that they were no longer either as nomadic or as barbaric as.
Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - part of the Indian subcontinent. It took control, thirty years after Alexander's death, of the southeasternmost areas of the Seleucid domains, including parts of present-day Afghanistan. The Mauryans introduced Indian culture, including Buddhism, to the area. With the Seleucids on one side and the Mauryans on the other, the people of the Hindu Kush were in what would become a familiar quandary in ancient as well as modern history--that is, caught between two empires. In the middle of the 3rd century BC, an independent, Greek-ruled state was declared in Bactria. Graeco-Bactrian rule spread until it included most of the territory from the Iranian deserts to the Ganges River and from Central Asia to the Arabian Sea by about 170 B.C. Graeco-Bactrian rule was eventually defeated by a combination of the internecine.
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