Legio III Italica - Legio III Italica Legio III Italica was a Roman legion levied by Marcus Aurelius around 165 AD, for his campaign against the Marcomanni tribe. The cognomen Italica suggests that recruits were originally from Italy. The legion was still active in Germania in the later 4th century. The legion's symbol was a stork. Together with legions II Italica and I Adiutrix, the third Italic legion was in the Danube provinces from its beginning, fighting the invasion of the Raetia and Noricum provinces by the Marcomanni. In 171 they built the camp Regina Castra, modern Regenburg, designed as a strongly defensive position like a castle. In the civil war of 193, this legion supported Lucius Septimius Severus and helped him defeat his opponents first Pertinax and Didius Julianus,.
List of Roman legions - life span of the legion, cause of disappearance (if relevant) and the original commander, meaning, the man who levied the legion. Legio I - referred to once as "I Germanica" – 48 BC to 70 AD (Batavian rebellion), Julius Caesar Legio I Adiutrix - 68 AD to (at least) 444 AD, Galba? Legio I Italica - September 22 66 AD to (at least) 5th century, Nero Legio I Macriana liberatrix – 68 to 69 AD, Lucius Clodius Macer, governor of Africa Legio I Minervia - 82 AD to (at least) 4th century, Domitian Legio I Parthica - 197 to early 6th century, Septimius Severus Legio II Adiutrix pia fidelis - 70 AD to (at least) 3rd century, Vespasian Legio II Augusta - 30s BC(?) Legio II Italica - 165 to beginning.
Raetia - any in Italia. Augustus Caesar preferred Raetian wine to any other. Considerable trade in pitch, honey, wax and cheese occurred. History Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians, who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly (v. 33) that they were of Etruscan origin (a view favoured by Niebuhr and Mommsen). A tradition reported by Justin (xx. 5) and Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, iii. 24, 133) affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from their leader Raetus; a more probable derivation, however, is from Celtic rait.
Legio I Italica - Legio I Italica Legio I Italica ("the Italian legion") was a Roman legion levied by emperor Nero on September 22, 66 AD (the date is attested by an inscription), for a campaign in Armenia that never took place. The sources mention the peculiar fact that the original legionaries were all over six feet tall. There are still records of the I Italica in the Danube border in the beginning of the 5th century AD. The legion's emblem was a boar. Gaul broke out in revolt early in 68, and I Italica was redirected there from the East. In the year of the four emperors (69 AD), they sided with Vitellius until his defeat by Vespasian. The new emperor sent I Italica to the province of Moesia.
Legio III Augusta - Legio III Augusta Legio III Augusta was a Roman legion levied by Augustus in 43 BC. Activity of this legion in the African Roman provinces, its principal theatre of operations, is still mentioned in late 4th century, early 5th century. Among the emblems of the legion were the winged horse Pegasus and the Capricorn. The III Augusta was probably present in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, where Augustus and Marcus Antonius defeated the army of the senators that conspired to murder Julius Caesar. After this victory, the III Augusta stayed under the command of Augustus, probably in Sicily, where Sextus Pompeius, son of Pompey had started a rebellion. From 30 BC onwards, Legio III Augusta was stationed in the province of Africa. The legion.
Legio III Cyrenaica - Legio III Cyrenaica Legio III Cyrenaica, meaning from Cyrenaica a Roman province, was a Roman legion probably levied by Marcus Antonius around 36 BC, then governor of Cyrenaica. There are still records of the legion in Bostra in the beginning of the 5th century AD. The legion symbol is unknown. The first historical appearance of the legion is during the campaign of Emperor Augustus Caesar to conquer Egypt in 30 BC. III Cyrenaica would remain in Egypy and, in 35 AD was in Alexandria, sharing camp with Legio XXII Deotariana. The main task of both legions was keep the province safe and to maintain peace and order between the different ethnic and religious groups present in Alexandria. In the internal turmoils of the Roman Empire, III.
Legio II Italica - Legio II Italica Legio II Italica, meaning from Italy, was a Roman legion levied by emperor Marcus Aurelius in 165 AD together with Legio I Italica at a time when the Roman Empire was fighting both in Germania and in Parthia. There are still records of the II Italica in Noricum in the beginning of the 5th century AD. The legion symbol is a she-wolf and the twins Romulus and Remus. The legion main theatre of operations was the Roman province of Noricum, in the south margin of the Danube, where Germanic incursions were frequent. In 180 AD II Italica was stationed in Lauriacum, modern Lorch. In 193 AD, II Italica marched into Rome with Septimius Severus, then fighting for power. The new emperor awarded them.
Legio III Gallica - Legio III Gallica Legio III Gallica was a Roman legion levied by Julius Caesar around 49 BC, for his civil war against the conservative republicans led by Pompey. The cognomen Gallica suggests that recruits were originally from the Gallic Roman provinces. The legion was still active in Egypt in the early 4th century. The legion's symbol was a bull. The legion took part in all Julius Caesar's campaigns against his enemies, including the battles of Pharsalus and Munda. Following Caesar's death, the III Gallica was integrated in the army of Marcus Antonius, a member of the second triumvirate, for his campaigns against the Parthians. They were included in the army levied by Fulvia and Lucius Antonius (Antonius' wife and brother) to oppose Octavianus, but ended by.
Legio III Parthica - Legio III Parthica Legio III Parthica was a Roman legion levied by emperor Lucius Septimius Severus in 197 AD, for his campaign against the Parthian empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in the Eastern provinces in the early 5th century. The legion's symbol was a bull. Together with its twin legions I Parthica and II Parthica, the third Parthian legion was levied for the attack on the eastern frontier. The campaign was a success and Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital was taken and sacked. III Parthica remained in the region afterwards, garrisoning the new province of Mesopotamia. Their main base camp was Rhesaena, where they had the duty of securing the main roads and protect the province against the Sassanidss. During the 3rd.
Legio I Adiutrix - Legio I Adiutrix Legio I Adiutrix ("assistant"), was a Roman legion formed in 68 AD, possibly by Galba under orders of Nero. The last record mentioning the Adiutrix is in 444 AD, when it was stationed at Szöny (Brigetio), in the roman province of Pannonia. The emblem of the legion was a Capricorn, used along with the winged horse Pegasus. In the confusing Year of the four emperors, the legion presumably fought first for Galba, then in Otho's army in the Battle of Bedriacum, where this emperor was defeated by Vitellius. By the year 70 AD, the legion was fighting in the Batavian rebellion. The city of Mainz (Moguntiacum) is the legion's first known base camp, shared with Legio XIV Gemina, where they attended mainly building.
Legio I Macriana liberatrix - Legio I Macriana liberatrix Legio I Macriana liberatrix ("the liberators of Macer") was a Roman legion levied in Africa by the governor Lucius Clodius Macer in 68 AD. The purpose of the legion was to join forces with Legio III Augusta in a rebellion against emperor Nero. Nero eventually committed suicide and was replaced by Galba. But the new emperor looked at Macer with mistrust, fearing another rebellion against himself. Macer was killed in 69 AD, the Year of the four emperors and I Macriana liberatrix was disbanded. The emblem of the legion is unknown. See also: List of Roman legions.
Legio I Parthica - Legio I Parthica Legio I Parthica, as well as II and III Parthica, were Roman legions levied in 197 by the emperor Lucius Septimius Severus, for the campaigns against Parthia. The legion presence in the Middle East is recorded until the early 6th century. After the success of Septimius Severus against Parthia, I and III Parthica remain in the region in the camp of Singara to avoid following rebellions and attacks from the Parthian Empire. The newly creataed province of Mesopotamia was to be an exception: it was ruled by men of equestrian order, not senators. Legionaries from I Parthica were usually sent to other provonces, namely Lycia, Cilicia and Cyrenaica. See also: List of Roman legions, Roman legion.
Legio XXII Deotariana - Legio XXII Deotariana Legio XXII Deiotariana was levied in 48 BC by Deiotarius the king of the Galatians, client of Rome. After the accession of Augustus to the throne, XXII Deiotariana is allocated to Alexandria in Egypt, where it shared camp with Legio III Cyrenaica at least until 119. The main tasks were to keep peace among the several ethnies that lived in the country and suppress attacks from the desert tribes of the South. During the civil war of the year of the four emperors, XXII Deioteriana supported Vespasian, that eventually would become the sole victor. After 119, there are no more records from this legion, presumably destroyed during the jewish rebellion of 132-136 See also: List of Roman legions, Roman legion.
Legio IV Scythica - Legio IV Scythica Legio IV Scythica was a Roman legion levied by Marcus Antonius around 42 BC, for his campaign against the Parthian empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in Syria province in the early 5th century. The legion's symbol was a capricorn. In its first years, the whereabouts of IV Scythica are uncertain, although it is probable that they took part on Antonius' campaign against the Parthians. The name suggests that they fought against the Scythians. After the battle of Actium and Antonius' suicide, Octavian transferred the IV Scythica to the Danube province of Moesia. The legion is reported to take part in civilian tasks, such as the building and keeping of roads. In his youth, future emperor Vespasian served in.
Legio II Parthica - Legio II Parthica Legio II Parthica was a Roman legion levied by emperor Lucius Septimius Severus in 197 AD, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in the middle of the 4th century. The legion's symbol was a centaur. Together with its twin legions I Parthica and III Parthica, the second Parthian legion was levied for the attack on the eastern frontier. The campaign was a success and Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital was taken and sacked. After this war, the second returned to Italy, and was stationed near Rome in the Alban mountains. Since it was not garrisoning a Roman province, their functioned both as a reserve that could be used in afflicted parts of the Empire,.
Year of the four emperors - destroyed or took enormous fines from the towns that did not accepted him immediately. In Rome he canceled all Nero's reforms, including benefits for many important persons. Like the previous emperor, Galba had an irrational fear for conspirators and executed many senators and knights without trial. The army was not happy either. After his safe arrival to Rome, Galba refused to pay the prizes he promised to soldier supporters. Moreover, in the start of the civil year of 69 AD in January 1, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to oath allegiance and obedience to the new emperor. In the following day, the legions acclaim Vitellius, their governor, as emperor. Hearing the news of the loss of the Rhine legions, Galba panicked. He adopted a man picked by chance in the.
Kingdom of León - was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina, or 'twin seventh legion'). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined nearby. In 540 the city was conquered by the Visigothic king Leovigild and in 717 it fell again, this time to the Moors. However it was one of the first cities retaken during the reconquest and became part of the Kingdom of Asturias in 742. In 913 an independent Kingdom of León was founded with its capital at the city of León. Almost immediately the kingdom began to expand to the south and east, populating its newly gained territory with numerous castles. The area was the County of Burgos.
Julius Caesar - 45 BC. During this time, Caesar was elected to his third and fourth terms as consul in 46 BC (with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) and 45 BC (without colleague). Immediately after his return from the East (and before his departure for Spain), Caesar began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He tightly regulated the purchase of State-subsidized grain and forbade those who could afford privately supplied grain from purchasing from the grain dole. He extended the Roman citizenship to all communities in Gallia Cisalpina, thus enfranchising the remainder of the Italian peninsula. He made plans for the distribution of land to his veterans and for the establishment of veteran colonies throughout the Roman world. In one of his most wide-ranging reforms, Caesar ordered a complete overhaul of the Roman calendar, establishing.
Gordian I - he entered the Roman senate. Gordian had at least two children: Marcus Antonius Gordianus (Gordian II) and Antonia Gordiana, the mother of Gordian III. Gordian's political career started relatively late in his life and probably his early years were spent in rhetoric and literary studies. As a military man, Gordian commanded the Legio IV Scythica when the legion was stationed in the Syria province. He served as governor of Roman Britain in 216 and was a suffect consul in the reign of Heliogabalus. While he gained unbounded popularity by the magnificent games and shows he produced as aedile, his prudent and retired life did not excite the suspicion of Caracalla, in whose honour he wrote a long epic poem called Antoninias. Gordian certainly retained his wealth and political clout during the.
Dacia - as is shown by the number of foreign coins found in the country. Language Main article:Dacian language The characteristics of the language spoken by them, the Dacian language are still disputed. History Political entities A kingdom of Dacia was in existence at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC under a king Oroles. Conflicts with the Bastarnae and the Romans (112 BC-109 BC, 74 BC), against whom they had assisted the Scordisci and Dardani, had greatly weakened the resources of the Dacians. Under Burebista (Boerebista), a contemporary of Julius Caesar, who thoroughly reorganized the army and raised the moral standard of the people, the limits of the kingdom were extended to its maximum expansion. The Bastarnae and Boii were conquered, and even Greek towns (Olbia, Apollonia) on.
