List of Unix programs - List of Unix programs Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Common utilities 2 Desktops/Graphical User Interfaces 3 Multimedia 4 Database Servers 5 Database Clients 6 Network Services 7 Security Auditing 8 Network Utilities 9 Filesystems 10 Filesystem Utilities 11 Desktop Publishing 12 Conversion Common utilities admin anacron - Periodic command scheduler anubis - Outgoing mail processor apt - Advanced front-end for dpkg ar - Maintain, modify, and extract from, archives asa at - Single-time command scheduler awk - A pattern scanning and processing language basename - Returns the final component of a path bash - Bourne Again SHell, the most common shell on *nix systems batch bc - Calculator program bzip2 - Block-sorting file compressor c99 cal - Displays a calendar cat - Concatenate files to standard.
Categorical list of programming languages - Categorical list of programming languages This is a list of programming language grouped by category. See also Alphabetical list of programming languages Chronological list of programming languages Generational list of programming languages Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below) in order to allow machine code instructions to be written in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages allow programmers to use symbolic addresses which are later converted to absolute addresses by the assembler. Most assemblers also allow for macros and symbolic constants as well. SSK (Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya, or "System of symbolic coding") for Minsk family of computers. AKI (AvtoKod Ingenera, i.e., "engineer's autocode") for Minsk family of computers was half-step away from assembly languages and doesn't really fit into any other categories in.
List of reference tables - List of reference tables You usually find a collection of reference tables in the back of almanacs, dictionaries and encyclopedias (or an index of them, if they're scattered throughout the work). As these tables appear, please add them to this index. What we have in mind is listings or tabular information for quick reference, not narrative articles. Alternate versions: For an alphabetical listing: Special:Allpages/List of (cont. 1 2 3 4 5 6) By type: List of glossaries (glossaries are also included in this list) Lists of articles by category (also included here) List of themed timelines (also included in this list) List of trivia lists (also included here) List of countries (general lists by country not included here) Lists of people (not included here) Table of.
List of file formats - List of file formats This is a list of file formats often seen on computers. Audio file formats Lossless Uncompressed AIFF au file format CDDA IFF-8SVX IFF-16SV RAW (raw samples without any header or sync) WAV Compressed FLAC (free as in freedom lossless codec of the Ogg project) Lossy MP2 MP3 Speex (Ogg project, specialized for voice, low bitrates) Vorbis (Ogg project, free and similar in principle to MP3) WMA MPC Music formats MID (standard MIDI file; most often just notes and controls but occasionally also sample dumps) NSF (bytecode program to play NES music) MOD (Soundtracker and Protracker sample and melody modules) S3M (ScreamTracker 3 module, with a few more effects and a dedicated volume column) XM (FastTracker module, adding instrument envelopes) IT (Impulse Tracker.
List of emulators - List of emulators This article lists software that emulates arcade and console game systems, as well as other computing platforms or CPUs. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Arcade Game 2 Console Game 3 Portable Game 4 Computing Platform 5 Multi-system 6 CPU Arcade Game MAME Raine XMAME for the X Window System Daphne, the laserdisc game emulator Console Game Atari 2600 PC Atari Stella Atari 5200 Virtual 5200 (DOS) Atari 7800 Virtual 7800 (DOS) ColecoVision ColEm Virtual ColecoVision Emerson Arcadia 2001 Emerson Arcadia 2001 Emulator (DOS) Mattel Intellivision Intv (requires Intellivision Lives! to run) Bliss Sega Genesis Gens Genecyst Kega KGen Sega Master System MEKA Chasms Nintendo Entertainment System For Microsoft Windows FCE Ultra Jnes NESten Nester NESticle RockNES For UNIX/Linux fwNES iNES TuxNES Sony Playstation.
Journaling file system - interrupted by, for example, a loss of power, the metadata is not completely written out and the filesystem may be in an inconsistent state, in which the description of the data does not fully match the data itself. One approach to fixing this problem is to run a program that scans the entire hard disk when the system is restarted, to fix an inconsistencies. Such programs include fsck on Unix and Unix-like systems, scandisk on Microsoft Windows systems, and Disk First Aid on Apple Macintosh systems. Unfortunately this method has two problems. First, rescanning the entire disk is very time consuming. Second, there is the possibility that the scanning program will encounter errors that it cannot fix and that data will be lost. The answer: journaling file systems Journaling file systems.
Year 2000 problem - problem. (The abbreviation combines the letter Y for "year", and K for the Latin prefix kilo meaning 1000; hence, 2K means 2000.) It also went by Millennium Bug (though there is a popular debate on whether or not the year 2000 was actually the start of the new millennium). It was thought computer programs could stop working or produce erroneous results because they stored years with only two digits and that the year 2000 would be represented by '00' and would be interpreted by software as the year 1900. This would cause date comparisions to produce incorrect results. It was also thought that embedded systems, making use of similar date logic, might fail and cause utilities and other crucial infrastructure to fail. In the years prior to 2000, some corporations and.
History of operating systems - an operating system, each program would have to have drivers for your video card, sound card, hard drive, and other peripherals. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Background 2 The mainframe era 3 Minicomputers and the rise of UNIX 4 The personal computer era: Apple, DOS and beyond 5 See also Background Main article: Operating system Early computers lacked any form of operating system. The user had sole use of the machine; he or she would arrive at the machine armed with his or her program and data, often on punched paper tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and the machine set to work, until the program stopped, or maybe more likely, crashed. Programs could generally be debugged via a front panel using switches and lights; it is said.
GNU Mailman - distributed freely under the GNU General Public License. Similar software programs include Majordomo and ezmlm; Mailman's chief distinction is its easy-to-use Web interface for list administration. Mailman is written in the Python language. It can work with any common Unix mail server software, including Postfix, Sendmail and qmail. User features include the Web interface, built-in archiving of messages, automatic processing of bounce messages, digest mode, and spam filtering..
GNU Go - Go. Its source code is quite portable, and can be easily compiled for Linux, as well as other Unix-like systems, Windows and Mac OS X. Ports exist for other platforms. The program plays Go against the user, at about 10 to 15 kyu strength. Multiple board sizes are supported, from 9x9 to 19x19. Although ASCII-based, GNU Go supports two protocols -- the Go Modem Protocol and the Go Text Protocol -- by which GUIs can interface with it to give a graphical display. Several such GUIs exist. The current (stable) version of GNU Go is 3.4. A version called Pocket GNU Go, based on GNU Go 2.6, is available for the Windows CE operating system (Pocket PC). Versions based on the much weaker 1.2 engine also exist for the Gameboy Advance.
File format - operating systems such as older versions of Mac OS did not require file extensions, but instead had file type/creator data that was hidden from the user and managed transparently by the operating system. On Microsoft Windows computers, extensions are required for applications to be recognised as executable (and many applications require them to recognise specific data formats). On Unix and Unix-like systems, an extension can be created, however this is optional, and the use of extensions under these systems is seen as a convenience and not a requirement. Under these systems, all files, basically, are seen as data files, directories (which indeed are a special kind of file), or as executables. Operating system settings determine which program is executed by default on "opening" a file with a particular extension. For example,.
Finger protocol - the protocol is implemented by a program "fingerd" (for finger daemon), while the client side is implemented by the "name" and "finger" programs. The program is supposed to return a friendly, human-oriented status report on either the system at the moment or a particular person in depth. There is no required format, and the protocol consists mostly of specifying a single command line. It is most often implemented on Unix or Unix-like systems. The program would supply information such as whether a user is currently logged-on, e-mail address, full name etc. As well as standard user information, finger displays the contents of ".plan" file in the user's home directory. Often this file (maintained by the user) contained either useful information about the user's current activities, or alternatively all manner of humor..
Filter program - Filter program A filter program is classically a UNIX program that is designed to be used as part of a pipeline of two or more UNIX utilities. Generally a filter program will read its standard input and write to its standard output and do little else. Conventionally a filter program distinguishes itself by being fairly simple and performing essentially one operation, usually some sort of simple transformation of its input data. The classic filter would be grep; here's an example: cut -d : -f 1 This finds all registered users that have "foo" as part of their username. Common UNIX filter programs are: cat, cut, grep, head, sort, uniq and tail. Programs like awk and sed can be used to build quite complex filters because they are fully programmable. A more.
EDonkey2000 - the network and to share files. Servers act as meeting hubs for the clients. Both client and server are available in Windows, Macintosh, Linux, and other UNIX variants. EDonkey uses md4 hash checksums to identify files. This function allows identification of identical files with different filenames. Another feature of eDonkey is that it shares file segments before the download completes; this speeds up file distribution throughout the network. Users on eDonkey predominantly share large files such as CD images, videos, games, and software programs. Some websites list the checksums of sought-after files to ease file searching. Some of those websites also have lists of active servers for users to update. The Network is based on a decentralized server network. Anybody can set up a server. Because the server network is changing.
Emacs - Carl Mikkelsen, one of the hackers at the MIT AI Lab, added a display-editing mode to TECO, which allowed the screen display to be updated each time the user entered a keystroke. This more-intuitive behavior, which is used by most modern text editors, had been pioneered by the "E" editor written at the Stanford AI Lab. In 1974, Richard Stallman, another hacker, added a macro feature to the TECO display-editing mode. This allowed the user to define keystrokes for launching TECO programs to perform various editing tasks, such as reading or writing files. The users at the AI Lab soon accumulated a large collection of custom macros. In 1976, Guy Steele began an effort to unify the many divergent macro sets. The project was completed by Stallman, who also wrote facilities.
Dpkg - runs with respect to libraries. dpkg-genchanges reads the information from an unpacked Debian tree source that once constructed creates a control file (.changes). dpkg-buildpackage is a control script that can be used to construct the package automatically. dpkg-distaddfile adds a file input to debian/files. dpkg-parsechangelog reads the changes file (changelog) of an unpacked Debian tree source and creates a conveniently prepared output with the information for those changes. See also: List of Unix programs.
UUCP - UUCP UUCP stands for Unix to Unix CoPy, and is a computer program and protocol allowing remote execution of commands and transfer of files, email and netnews between Unix computers not connected to the Internet proper. The UUCP package consists of several programs including uucp, uuxqt (front ends for remote copy and execution), uucico (communication program), uustat, and uuname. Nowadays it is rarely used for Modem communications, but is still used sometimes over TCP/IP. Before the widespread availability of universal connectivity through the Internet, computers were only connected by smaller networks, or point-to-point links. UUCP allowed message switching between machines, rather like Fidonet (which was modeled on UUCP and very common on MS-DOS systems). The UUCPNET was the name for the totality of the informal network of computers connected.
A Hacker History - name is Eric Corley), takes his handle from the main character in George Orwell's 1984. Both publications provide tips for would-be hackers and phone phreaks, as well as commentary on the hacker issues of the day. Today, copies of 2600 are sold at most large retail bookstores. 1985 the online 'zine Phrack is established 1986 In the wake of an increasing number of break-ins to government and corporate computers, Congress passes the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, which makes it a crime to break into computer systems. The law, however, does not cover juveniles. 1987 Decoder magazine begins in Italy. 1987 The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) is created to address network security 1988 The Morris Worm Robert T. Morris, Jr., a graduate student at Cornell University and son of a.
Allegro library - audio, input, timers, and fixed-point and floating-point matrix arithmetic. As of version 4.0, programs that use the library work on MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, BeOS, Mac OS, and various UNIX systems with X Window System, abstracting their application programming interfaces into one portable interface. The library is written in, and designed to be used with, the C programming language. A sample non-interactive program can be found at Sierpinski triangle/Image credits; a sample interactive program can be found at the allegro home page, listed below. The simple, interactive demo is a basic Asteroids clone with the source open for viewing. The library comes with full source code and is free software, using a simple permissive license which allows copying, modification and distribution for any purpose. Along with the source code, it comes with.
TeX - in academia, especially in the mathematics, physics and computer science communities. It has largely displaced Unix troff, the other favored formatter, in many Unix installations. TeX is generally considered to be the best way to typeset complex mathematical formulas, but, especially in the form of LaTeX and other template packages, is now also being used for many other typesetting tasks. It can be used to compose mathematical expressions on Wikipedia pages; see Wikipedia:TeX markup. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 The typesetting system 3 License 4 Quality 5 The name 6 Derived works 7 Compatible tools 8 TeX and Wikipedia 9 TeX examples History Knuth began TeX because he had become annoyed at the declining quality of the typesetting in volumes I-III of his monumental The Art of Computer Programming..
