Kemal Atatürk - Code -- importantly for the politics of the region, this officially separated the functions of Church and state in Turkey. Also the Italian Penal Code and the German Commerce Code were also adopted. He attacked the fez (the head dress) and made its use illegal. He made his public appearances in a European-style hat and made that the new head dress. He was also impressed with European dance and encouraged women to learn it. He was also responsible for the conversion of written Turkish from an Arabic script to a modified Latin alphabet. (A date was fixed and it was made illegal by law to use the old Arabic script.)This resulted in the increased use of the typewriter and a long-term increase in literacy. Also, the mass introduction of typewriters brought.
Kitsch - totalitarianism. The Czech writer Milan Kundera, in his book The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984), defined it as "the absolute denial of shit." His argument was that kitsch functions by excluding from view everything that humans find difficult to come to terms with, offering instead a sanitised view of the world in which "all answers are given in advance and preclude any questions." In its desire to paper over the complexities and contradictions of real life, kitsch, Kundera suggested, is intimately linked with totalitarianism. In a healthy democracy, diverse interest groups compete and negotiate with one another to produce a generally acceptable consensus; by contrast, "everything that infringes on kitsch," including individualism, doubt, and irony, "must be banished for life" in order for kitsch to survive. Therefore, Kundera wrote, "Whenever a.
Kottayam - The district has its headquarters at Kottayam town. Kottayam town was the first town in India to achieve 100% literacy. Other important towns in the district are Palai, Changanassery, Vaikom and Kanjirappally. Kumarakom is a tourist centre and bird sanctuary close to Kottayam town. You could also reach Thekkady (Periyar Tiger Reserve) from Kottayam travelling approximately 2 to 3 hrs by public transportation. Kottayam town is linked by rails to other prominent cities in Kerala and also linked to the waterways for scenic travel. Kottayam is one of the major producers of cash crops in the state of Kerala. Rubber (latex) is one of main cash crops produced in Kottayam district. Rubber Board, a central government research institution is located at Kottayam. Kottayam is home to numerous news papers published in.
KwaZulu-Natal Province - and Ladysmith. It is around 92,000 km2 in area with a population of about 8.5m. It is one of the most densely populated provinces. The majority of the people (67%) live in rural areas, and the economy is primarily agricultural. The region has an estimated 65% literacy rate. Unemployment stands at over 50%. The province has three different geographic areas: the lowland region along the Indian Ocean coast; plains in the central section; and two mountainous areas, the Drakensberg Mountains in the west and the Lebombo Mountains in the north. Average temperatures in the province range from 17° to 28° C October to April and from 11° to 25° C in the colder months. Annual rainfall is about 690 mm falling throughout the year. History The coast of Natal was first.
Jewish Renewal - spread of Jewish Renewal throughout much of the United States and, by the close of the century, to the establishment of communities in Canada, Latin America, Europe and Israel. By this time, the beginnings of institutionalization were in place, in the form of the administrative Network of Jewish Renewal Communities, the rabbinical association OHaLaH, and an increasingly formalized (if not widely recognized) rabbinic ordination program to replace Schachter-Shalomi's private ordinations. Renewal and the Contemporary Jewish Community Statistics on the number of Jews who identify themselves as "Renewal" are not readily available. Nevertheless, the movement has had a significant impact on most other streams of Judaism, particularly within the United States. Perhaps the greatest impact has been on the Reconstructionist movement, which began as an avowedly rationalistic and intellectual phenomenon but, under.
Jim Cummins - Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto where he works on language development and literacy development of learners of English as an additional language. In 1979 Cummins coined the acronyms BICS and CALP to refer to processes that help a teacher to qualify a student's language ability. BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills) BICS refers to the basic communicative fluency achieved by all normal native speakers of a language. It is cognitively undemanding and contentextual and is better understood as the language used by students in informal settings, say, on a playground or cafe. CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency) CALP refers to the ability to manipulate language using abstractions in a sophisticated manner. CALP is used while performing in an academic setting. Bilingual educational environments, Cummins tells us, should.
John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir - and Greenmantle (1916). He moved on to write biographies of Sir Walter Scott, Augustus Caesar, Oliver Cromwell and Montrose. His autobiography, Memory Hold-the-Door, was also written while he was Governor General. The Thirty-Nine Steps later became famous when Alfred Hitchcock made it into a movie. Lady Tweedsmuir wrote many books and plays under the name of Susan Buchan. While he pursued his own writing career, he also promoted the development of a distinctly Canadian culture. In 1936, encouraged by Lady Tweedsmuir, he founded the Governor General's Awards for many years Canada's premier literary awards. Lady Tweedsmuir was active in promoting literacy in Canada. She used Rideau Hall as a distribution centre for 40,000 books, which were sent out to readers in remote areas of the west. Her program was known as.
John Ward Studebaker - was the longest tenure of any education commissioner, and he devoted much of his time to children's literacy and arithmetic. He died at age 102 in 1989. This is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it..
Individual rights - rights. The more recent constitutions including those of Western Europe and some U.S. state constitutions include positive rights. The distinction between negative and positive rights can illustrate the difference between political ideologies. For example, many adherents to libertarian and conservative ideologies believe that the primary role of government is to protect negative rights, and with restrictions on government control the prosperity that is envisioned by positive rights will follow. Conversely, adherents to socialist and communist philosophies sometimes justify restrictions on negative rights by arguing that their systems are better at delivering positive rights. This justification was popular in the 1950s and 1960s. However in the 1980s, it appeared that judged from their own standard of providing positive rights such as the right to economic prosperity, socialist and communist regimes appeared lacking,.
Voting Rights Act - States Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests and provided for federal registration of African-American voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible voters registered. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 6, 1965. Related Legislation 1957 PL 85-315 Civil Rights Act 1960 PL 86-449 Civil Rights Act 1964 PL 88-352 Civil Rights Act 1964 24th Amendment Poll tax outlawed 1965 PL 89-110 Voting Rights Act 1970 PL 91-285 Voting Rights Act Extension 1971 26th Amendment Voting age reduced to 18 for all elections 1975 PL 94-73 Voting Rights Act Extension 1982 PL 97-205 Voting Rights Act Extension 1984 PL 98-435 Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act.
Heian Period - the emperors and established a bakufu, the Kamakura Shogunate, in Kamakura. This period saw the flowering of the Shingon school of esoteric Buddhism, founded by Kukai, as well as the Jodo Shinshu, or True Pure Land, school, founded by Shinran. Heian Period Literature Although written Chinese remained the official language of the Heian period imperial court, the introduction and wide use of kana saw a boom in Japanese literature. Despite the establishment of several new literary genre such as the novel and narrative monogatari (物語) and essays, literacy was only common among the court and Buddhist clergy. The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, "Kimi Ga Yo," were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, accounted by many as the first novel. Murasaki.
History of Equatorial Guinea - to the mainland were settled in 1900 by the Treaty of Paris, and periodically, the mainland territories were united administratively under Spanish rule. Between 1926 and 1959 they were united as the colony of Spanish Guinea. Spain lacked the wealth and the interest to develop an extensive economic infrastructure in what was commonly known as Spanish Guinea during the first half of this century. However, through a paternalistic system, particularly on Bioko Island, Spain developed large cacao plantations for which thousands of Nigerian workers were imported as laborers. At independence in 1968, largely as a result of this system, Equatorial Guinea had one of the highest per capita incomes in Africa. The Spanish also helped Equatorial Guinea achieve one of the continent's highest literacy rates and developed a good network of.
History of Europe - the Renaissance era. The new nation states were frequently in a state of political flux and war. In particular, after Martin Luther started the Reformation in 1517, wars of politics and religion ravaged the continent: the schism of the dominant western church was to have major political, social and cultural implications for Europe. What became the split between Catholicism and Protestantism was particularly pronounced in England (where the king Henry VIII severed ties with Rome and proclaimed himself head of the church), and in Germany (where the Reformation united the various Protestant princes against the Catholic Hapsburg emperors). Unlike Western Europe, the countries of Central Europe, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Hungary, resolved religious questions by adopting religious tolerance. Central Europe was already split between Eastern and Western Christianity. Now it became.
History of the Hebrew language - similar to Hebrew. Aramaic has contributed many words and expressions to Hebrew, mainly since it was the language of the Talmud and other religious works. In addition to numerous words and expressions, Hebrew has also borrowed the Aramaic writing. Although original Aramaic letter forms were derived from the same Phoenician alphabet that was used in ancient Israel, they have changed significantly both in the hands of the Mesopotamians and of the Jews, coming to the forms familiar to us today at around the first century A.D. Writings of that era (most notably, some of the Dead Sea Scrolls found in Qumran) are written in a script very similar to the "square" one still used today. Later history The Jews living in the Persian Empire adopted Aramaic, and quickly enough Hebrew fell.
History of Kyrgyzstan - move to the Pamirs and Afghanistan. In addition, the suppression of the 1916 rebellion in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz to migrate to China. Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1919, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the RFSR (the term Kara-Kyrgyz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kyrgyz). On December 5, 1936, the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was established as a full Union Republic of the USSR. During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life. Literacy was greatly improved, and a standard literary language was introduced. Economic and social development also was notable. Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite the suppression of.
History of Belarus - the principality of Polatsk (northern Belarus) emerged as the dominant center of power on Belarusian territory, with a lesser role played by the principality of Turaw in the south. It repeatedly asserted its sovereignty in relation to other centers of Rus', becoming a political capital, the episcopal see of a bishopric and the controller of vassal territories among Balts in the west. The city's Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (1044-1066) remains a symbol of this independent-mindedness, rivaling churches of the same name in Novgorod and Kyiv, referring to the original Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (and hence to claims of imperial prestige, authority and sovereignty). Cultural achievements of the Polatsk period include the work of the nun Euphrosyne of Polatsk (1120-1173), who built monasteries, transcribed books, promoted literacy and sponsored art (including.
History of board games - games is a complicated one, as many games date from early times when literacy was a scarce skill. This has meant that for many games we have three dates, the oldest known board, the earliest mention in literature and the earliest written rule set. For some games like the Royal Game of Ur we only have one of those three. A number of important historical sites, artifacts and documents exist which shed light on early board games. The most of important of these include, The Alfonso X manuscript Also known as the Libro de los juegos it is a text commissioned by Alfonso translating a large number of arabic documents on games into Spanish. Many of these original arabic documents have been lost to us, so Alfonso's book is the first.
History of Christian Missions - The Church Missionary Society is formed. 1810 - The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is formed. 1813 - The Methodists form the Wesleyan Missionary Society. 1814 - First recorded baptism of a Chinese convert, Cai Gao 1840 - David Livingstone is in present-day Malawi (Africa) with the London Missionary Society. 1865 - The China Inland Mission is founded by James Hudson Taylor. 1935 Dr. Frank C. Laubach, American missionary to the Phillipines perfects the "Each one teach one" literacy program, which was used worldwide to teach 60 million people to read in their own language. See also: Missionary, Christianity.
History of the PRC (1976-present) - and business leaders, who found him reassuring and credit him with clinching China's market-opening World Trade Organisation (WTO) deal, which has brought foreign capital pouring into the country. Zhu remained as Premier until the National People's Congress met in March 2003, when it approved his struggle to clinch trusted deputy Wen Jiabao as his successor. Like his forth-generation colleague Hu Jintao, Wen's personal opinions are difficult to discern since he sticks very closely to his script. Unlike the frank strong-willed Zhu, Wen, who has earned a reputation as an equally competent manager, is known for his suppleness and discretion. The Fourth Generation of Leaders and the 16th Party Congress Although Jiang stepped down from the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China to make way for a younger.
History of Tibet - Tibet before the 7th century AD, when Buddhism was introduced by missionaries from India, who also developed an alphabet for the Tibetan language. Mao Zedong (centre) with the Dalai Lama (right), early 1950s Ancient kingdom A series of kings between the 8th and 10th centuries created a strong kingdom which promoted Buddhism and literacy, and waged succesful wars against both China to the north and the states of India to the south. At times Tibetan rule extended as far south as Bengal and as far north as Mongolia. Lamaism, the system of rule by a caste of Buddhist monks known as lamas, began to develop when the Tibetan kingdom became weak and divided in the 10th century. Indian cultural and religious influence increased, particularly through the work of the Indian Buddhist.
