Mensheviks - Mensheviks The Mensheviks were a faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 from a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, both members of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. At the second congress of the RSDLP, Lenin argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries with a large fringe of non-party sympathizers and supporters. Martov disagreed believing it was better to have a large party of activists. A majority of party members agreed with Martov and formed the Mensheviks, while Lenin's faction became known as the Bolsheviks. Although a majority of rank and file party members agreed with Martov, they formed a minority among the party leadership, and hence Menshevik is a Russian word meaning "minority" while Bolshevik means majority. The Mensheviks.
Julius Martov - The son of Jewish middle class parents, he became the leader of the Mensheviks in early twentieth century Russia. Forced to leave Russia and with other radical political figures living in exile, Martov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). At the Second Congress of the RSDLP in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Martov and Vladimir Lenin. Lenin published his ideas for moving the party forward in his pamphlet What is to be Done?, arguing for a small party of professional revolutionaries with a large fringe of non-party sympathizers and supporters. Martov disagreed believing it was better to have a large party of activists. Martov based his ideas on the socialist parties that existed in other European countries such as the British Labour Party. At the end.
History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union - within Soviet Russia, like Tatars or indigenous Siberians, but instead a distinct, cohesive group bounded by a common value system, Yiddish, exclusive cultural institutions, synagogues, and Zionist nationalism, despite the absence of a territorial unit or a single locale. This existence is thus alien to Marxism-Leninism as espoused by the Soviet state, which viewed Jewish cohesiveness as resulting from class struggle, binding proletariat Jews to Jews in oppressor classes. Marxist egalitarianism and universality suggested that it would be ideologically ideal to see the assimilation of Jews and the renunciation of Judaism, in a sense contradicting the elements that allowed Jews to be distinct members of society. All Soviets, such as Russians, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Tatars, and Kazakhs, were encouraged to look at class over nationality, but did not face assimilation and cultural.
Georgi Plekhanov - Engels. This led him to renounce Narodism and become a Marxist. In 1883, he founded, in Switzerland, the "Emancipation of Labor" group, which popularized Marxism among Russian revolutionaries. At its dissolution, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) and worked with Lenin. In 1903, at the second congress of the RSDLP, Plekhanov broke with Lenin and sided with the Mensheviks. During World War I, he took a nationalist position, calling for the defeat of Germany. He was hostile toward the Bolshevik Revolution. List of works The Development of the Monist View of History Essays on the History of Materialism The Materialist Conception of History The Role of the Individual in History Fundamental Problems of Marxism.
Fedor Dan - in 1903. Dan aligned himself with Julius Martov who wanted to have a larger party of activists, rather than Lenin's conception of a smaller party of professional revolutionaries. Dan helped Martov form the Mensheviks, returning to Russia in 1913. Living in St Petersburg, he edited Menshevik publications until facing exile to Minusinsk following the outbreak of World War I. He was released in 1915 when he agreed to serve in the Army as a surgeon. He returned to St Petersburg following the February revolution and argued for Menshevik involvement in the Provisional Government. He also argued for continuing the war against Germany and Austria. In 1917 he was the leading Menshevik on the praesidium of the Petrograd Soviet in 1917. He opposed the October Revolution and he was a member of.
Democratic centralism - unity of action". The democratic aspect of this methodology describes the freedom of members of the political party to discuss and debate matters of policy and direction; but once the decision by the party was made (by majority vote), all members were expected to follow that decision unquestioningly. This latter aspect represented the centralism. The doctrine of democratic centralism served as a source of the split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, who supported a looser party discipline, within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903. After the successful consolidation of power by the party, the Bolshevik leadership instituted an ostensibly "temporary" ban on factions within the party in 1921. This precipitated the end of the "democratic" element of democratic centralism within the party membership, and with the rise of.
1903 - Chicago, Illinois becomes the first owner of a Ford Model A. April 29 - 30,000,000 cubic metre landslide kills 70 in Frank, Alberta August 4 - Pope Pius X elected November 3 - With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent from Colombia. US President Theodore Roosevelt wanted the United States to build the Panama Canal but were blocked by Colombia. November 17 - The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits into two groups; the Bolsheviks (Russian for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority"). (NOTE: Later the Mensheviks became the majority party, meaning that the Mensheviks became the bolsheviks and the Bolsheviks mensheviks). November 18 - The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the Americans exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone. November.
Alexandra Kollontai - revolution in 1917. At the time of the split in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party into the Mensheviks under Julius Martov and the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin in 1903 she did not side with either faction. However, she came to dislike aspects of Bolshevism and opted to join the Mensheviks. In 1915 Kollontai joined the Bolsheviks and returned to Russia, after a period of exile for her earlier political activities. After the Bolshevik takeover in October, 1917 she became Commissar for Social Welfare. She was the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration and was best known for founding the Zhenodtel or "Women's Department" in 1919. This organization worked to improve the conditions of womens' lives in the Soviet Union, fighting illiteracy and educating women about the new marriage, education,.
Alexander Shlyapnikov - intellectuals within the party such as Lenin and Leon Trotsky, who he felt were not truly proletarian, unlike himself who was a factory worker and trade union official. Shlyapnikov became a member of the Bolshevik Central Committee and, following the October revolution and the Bolshevik ascendency to power, he was appointed Commissar of Labour. Shlyapnikov argued for the inclusion of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries in the Soviet government. Shlyapnikov, along with his friend Alexandra Kollantai, became leaders of the Workers' Opposition movement inside the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This movement was basically a left-wing reaction to perceived over-centralisation under Lenin. Lenin was concerned with factionalisation inside the party and succedeed in suppressing the Workers' Opposition. He also tried to have Shlyapnikov removed from the party's Central Committee, but was.
Alexei Rykov - Labour Party (SDLP) at the age of 20 and supported the Bolsheviks after the split with the Mensheviks in 1903. Rykov worked as a Bolshevik agent in Moscow and St. Petersburg and played an active role in the 1905 Revolution. Rykov resented the dictatorial style of Vladimir Lenin and in 1910 he broke with the Bolsheviks. He became a leading member of the Moscow Soviet and called for a left-wing coalition to be formed in Russia. In September, 1917, Rykov was invited to join the Bolshevik Central Committee and the Petrograd Soviet. The following month he was appointed to the Military Revolutionary Committee in Moscow. Despite his differences with Vladimir Lenin, Rykov was appointed Commissar of the Interior (1917-18), Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy (1918-20) and Deputy Chairman.
Anatoli Lunacharsky - Leo Jogiches he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. At the split in the party in 1903 into the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin and Mensheviks under Julius Martov, Lunacharsky initially sided with the Bolsheviks. However political disagreements with Lenin forced him into the Menshevik camp, before he decided to return to the Bolsheviks in 1917. After the October Revolution he was appointed to the Soviet government with responsibility for Education. Lunacharsky oversaw massive improvements in Russia's literacy rate. In 1930 Lunacharsky represented the Soviet Union at the League of Nations and in 1933 Josef Stalin appointed him ambassador to Spain. He died before he could take up the post..
Bolshevik - Party (RSDLP) led by Vladimir Lenin, formed at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The other faction was known as the Mensheviks, derived from "minority". Shortly after the Bolsheviks seized power during the Russian Revolution of 1917, they changed their name to the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and then at the 1936 Party Congress to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The word "Bolshevik" is sometimes used as a synonym of Communist. It was often used by right-wingers outside the Soviet Union as a term of abuse for left-wingers, not all of whom were necessarily Communists. The Bolshevik political platform has often been referred to as Bolshevism. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP, held in Belgium in 1903, Lenin was able to persuade the majority of the party elite.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union - Social Democratic Labour Party following the Russian Revolution. The party had split into two factions, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, primarily over the issue of party membership. Bolsheviks favored a closed membership of strictly full time professional revolutionaries; whereas the Mensheviks favored open party membership. The Bolsheviks seized power in October of 1917 (by the Julian calendar still in use in Russia at that time). Soon after, they banned the Mensheviks (and all other opposition political organizations) and changed their own name to the "Communist Party". A name change had been first mooted in Lenin's April Theses, which articulated Lenin's sense that the term Social-Democracy had become devalued, a notion he articulated in his pamphlet Socialism and War (1915) where he talked of the pro-war Social-Democrats as Social-Chauvinists. The Marxist-Leninist structure.
Cosmist - I asked Kevin whether he was a Terran or a Cosmist. He said he was against the idea of artilects being built (i.e. he is Terran). I was surprised, and felt a shiver go up my spine. That moment reminded me of a biography of Lenin that I had read in my 20s in which the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks first started debating the future government of Russia. What began as an intellectual difference ended up as a Russian civil war after 1917 between the white and the red Russians." Accordingly, the two fired the first shot in a debate in Zurich in March 2000. It has yet to be heard all the way 'round the world, although some technologists e.g. Bill Joy, Ray Kurzweil, Hans Moravec and a few physicists.
Socialist-Revolutionary Party - across the country, gaining some 40% of the popular vote as opposed to the Bolsheviks 25%. However, the Bolsheviks disbanded the Assembly and thereafter the SRs become of less political significance, although some left-SRs did become part of the government of the Soviet Union, although they resigned their posistions after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. A few left-SRs joined the Communist Party. Many SRs fought for the Greens in the Russian Civil War alongside Mensheviks and other banned moderate socialist elements. A SR tried to assassinate Lenin in response to their proscription..
Russian Revolution - Kerensky minister of war and navy June 3rd -- First All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd. Closed on 24th 16th -- Kerensky orders offensive against Austro-Hungarian forces. Initial success July 2nd -- Russian offensive ends. Trotsky joins Bolsheviks 4th -- Anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd 6th -- German and Austro-Hungarian counter-attack. Russians retreat in panic, sacking the town of Tarnopol. Arrest of Bolshevik leaders ordered 7th -- Lvov resigns. Kerensky is new PM 22nd -- Trotsky and Lunacharskii arrested August 26th -- Second coalition government ends 27th -- General Lavr Kornilov failed coup. Kornilov arrested and imprisoned September 1st -- Russia declared a republic 4th -- Trotsky and others freed. Trotsky becomes head of Petrograd Soviet 25th -- Third coalition government formed October Vladimir Lenin, leader of the October Bolshevik Revolution 10th.
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party - and the Mensheviks (меньшевик; from Menshinstvo - Russian for "minority"), headed by Julius Martov. Confusingly, the Mensheviks were actually the larger faction among the party rank-and-file, but the majority of the party leadership sided with Lenin; hence, their faction took the name Bolshevik. It was Lenin's uncompromising stance on pushing his ideas, particularly on the issue of party membership, that caused the split. Lenin argued that creating a successful revolution required that party membership be limited only to professional full-time revolutionaries; whereas the Mensheviks favored an open membership policy. Despite a number of attempts at reunification, the split proved permanent. The SDs boycotted elections to the First Duma (April-July 1906), but were represented in the Second Duma (February-June 1907). With the SRs, they held 83 seats. The Second Duma was dissolved.
Russian Civil War - to Constantinople in November 1920. The Beginnings Britain, France and the United States all intervened in the civil war. After the Allies defeated Germany in November 1918, they continued their intervention in the war against the communists, in the interests of averting what they feared might become a world socialist revolution. Lenin was surprised by the outbreak of the Civil War and initially under-estimated the extent of the forces that rose against his new country, early successes in the Don region made him over-confident. The initial group that stood against the Communists from the start were mainly counter-revolutionary generals and local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government; prominent were Kaledin (Don Cossacks), Dutov (Orenburg Cossacks), and Semenov (Baikal Cossacks). In November General Alekseev, the old tsarist.
November 17 - Old West: On the Sonoita River in present-day southern Arizona, the United States Army establishes Fort Buchanan in order to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase. 1869 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony. 1871 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York. 1903 - The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits into two groups; the Bolsheviks (Russian for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority"). (NOTE: Later the Mensheviks became the majority party, meaning that the Mensheviks became the bolsheviks and the Bolsheviks mensheviks). 1922 - Former Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI went on exile in Italy. 1941 - World War II: Attack on Pearl Harbor - Joseph Grew,.
Marxist-Leninist government - Communist theory claims that capitalist systems exist through the exploitation of the working class by the ruling class and argues that this system is destined to be replaced by a classless communist stage of society, after the socialist state "withers away". However, critics have often claimed that as practiced in nations such as the former Soviet Union it created a new division of power (see nomenklatura). The term is also used to refer to historical instances of totalitarian socialism (as distinct from democratic socialism). Regimes described as communistic have, according to most Western observers, generally been despotic and extremely abusive of human rights. Examples are the Soviet Union, the [[Peoples Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China]] and Cuba. Democratic movements that arose within a framework of communist theory, such as that.
