History of the United States - History of the United States This article at the top of the History of the United States series. Pre-Colonial America Colonial America (1493-1776) History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pre-Colonial America 2 Colonial America (1493-1776) 3 History of the United States (1776-1865) 4 History of the United States (1865-1918) 5 Interwar America and World War II 6 History of the United States (1945-1964) 7 History of the United States (1964-1980).
History of the United States National Security Council 1961-1963 - History of the United States National Security Council 1961-1963 History of the United States National Security Council Kennedy Administration, 1961-1963 President Kennedy, who was strongly influenced by the report of the Jackson Subcommittee and its severe critique of the Eisenhower NSC system, moved quickly at the beginning of his administration to deconstruct the NSC process and simplify the foreign policy-making process and make it more intimate. In a very short period after taking office, the new President moved to reduce the NSC staff from 74 to 49, limit the substantive officers to 12, and hold NSC meetings much less frequently while sharply curtailing the number of officers attending. The Operation Coordination Board was abolished, and the NSC was, at the President's insistence, pulled back from monitoring.
History of the United States National Security Council 1947-1953 - History of the United States National Security Council 1947-1953 History of the United States National Security Council Truman Administration, 1947-1953 The National Security Council was created by Public Law 80(253, approved July 26, 1947, as part of a general reorganization of the U.S. national security apparatus. Proponents of the reform realized that no institutional means for the coordination of foreign and defense policy existed, and that the informal management techniques employed by President Roosevelt during the war and President Truman after the war were not suitable for the long haul. The State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC) had been established in 1944 at the Assistant Secretary-level, and by 1945 the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy began holding weekly meetings. President Roosevelt had tended to trust White House.
History of the United States National Security Council 1953-1961 - History of the United States National Security Council 1953-1961 History of the United States National Security Council Eisenhower Administration, 1953-1961 Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military, international, and internal security affairs. Where Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean war, Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review. With his military background, Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work, and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward agreed recommendations. The genesis of the new NSC system.
History of the United States National Security Council - History of the United States National Security Council Since the end of World War II, each administration has sought to develop and perfect a reliable set of executive institutions to manage national security policy. Each President has tried to avoid the problems and deficiencies of his predecessors' efforts and install a policy-making and coordination system that reflected his personal management style. The National Security Council (NSC) has been at the center of this foreign policy coordination system, but it has changed many times to conform with the needs and inclinations of each succeeding chief executive. The National Security Act of July 26, 1947, created the National Security Council under the chairmanship of the President, with the Secretaries of State and Defense as its key members, to.
History of the United States National Security Council 1977-1981 - History of the United States National Security Council 1977-1981 History of the United States National Security Council Carter Administration, 1977-1981 Carter began his term determined to eliminate the abuses he ascribed to the Kissinger NSC under Nixon and Ford. He believed that Kissinger had amassed too much power during his tenure as NSC Adviser and Secretary of State, and effectively shielded his Presidents from competing viewpoints within the foreign policy establishment. Carter resolved to maintain his access to a broad spectrum of information by more fully engaging his Cabinet officers in the decision-making process. He envisaged the role of the National Security Council to be one of policy coordination and research, and reorganized the NSC structure to ensure that the NSC Adviser would be only one.
History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989 - History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989 History of the United States National Security Council Reagan Administration, 1981-1989 The Reagan administration, like its predecessors, faced the recurring dilemma of determining which official or agency would have primary responsibility for the direction, control, and supervision of U.S. foreign policy. During the 1980 campaign, Ronald Reagan pledged to downgrade the post of National Security Adviser in order to end the rivalry between the NSC and the Department of State that had plagued previous administrations. On inauguration day, Secretary of State-designate Alexander Haig presented a draft National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) on the organization of U.S. foreign policy to Presidential Counselor Edwin Meese III. The intent of Haig's draft was to place overall responsibility for the direction.
History of the Jews in the United States (Colonial Era-1906) - History of the Jews in the United States (Colonial Era-1906) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Coming to the Americas 2 Arrival in North America 3 First Jewish settlers from Spain and Portugal 4 German Jewish settlers 5 Russian Immigration 6 In the cities and states 6.1 First Settlement 6.2 Asser Levy 7 Under English Rule 8 Shearith Israel 9 In the American Revolution 10 Up-State New York Settlements 11 Rhode Island 12 In New England 13 Maryland 14 Philadelphia 15 Mickvé Israel and Rodeph Shalom 16 In the Revolution 17 Jewish Company 18 Jacob de Cordova 19 Solomon Heydenfeldt 20 Characteristics of Congregations 21 3. Relation to the Federal Government: 22 Damascus Affair 23 Swiss Disabilities 24 Servia and Palestine 25 Russian Passports 26 Kishinef Petition.
History of the United States (1776-1865) - History of the United States (1776-1865) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Independence 2 The Articles of Confederation 3 The struggle for constitution 4 Washington's presidency 5 Adams and Jefferson 6 Madison administration 6.1 War of 1812 6.2 Dolley Madison 7 Monroe administration 8 Formation of the Democratic Party 9 Westward expansion 10 The coming of.
History of the United States (1918-1945) - History of the United States (1918-1945) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Aftermath of World War I 2 The Roaring 20s 2.1 Prohibition 2.2 The Federal Government in the 1920s 2.3 The Coolidge Years 3 Causes of the Great Depression 3.4 Introduction 3.5 A maldistribution of purchasing power 3.6 A lack of diversification 3.7 The credit.
History of the United States (1865-1918) - History of the United States (1865-1918) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction 2 The Gilded Age and the Imperial Republic 2.1 The Industrial Revolution 2.2 Relations with Native Nations 2.3 United States Expansionism 3 The Progressive Era: The Presidencies of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson 3.4 Roots of Progressivism.
History of the United States (1945-1964) - History of the United States (1945-1964) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The breakdown of postwar peace 1.1 Introduction: 1.2 The origins of the Cold War 1.3 Two visions of the world 1.4 The collapse of postwar peace 1.5 Containment and the escalation of the Cold War 1.6 The Korean War 2 The "Affluent Society" and.
History of the United States (1964-1980) - History of the United States (1964-1980) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Civil rights 2 Election of 1964 3 The War on Poverty and the Great Society 4 The Vietnam quagmire 4.1 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Tet Offensive 4.2 The antiwar movement 4.3 The crises of 1968 and the rise of Richard Nixon 4.4.
History of the United States (1980-present) - History of the United States (1980-present) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Reagan Revolution 1.1 Changing demographics and the growth of the Sunbelt 1.2 The growth of conservatism, the assault on Détente, and the elections of 1980 1.3 Supply-side economics and the fiscal crisis 1.4 Reagan and the world 2 The post-Cold War era 2.5.
History of United States imperialism - History of United States imperialism At its creation the United States was a collection of small colonies on the eastern seaboard with little international import. What was to become the United States of America had existed for almost two centuries as part of the British Empire. The emergence of an independent nation after during the American Revolution was a rejection of colonialism. Over the next two centuries the United States first spread across the North American continent and then rose to become the world's most dominant power. Some argue that this means by which the United States expanded and asserted its authority were imperialistic, and others disagree. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Controversy 2 Continental Expansion 2.1 The Louisiana Purchase and the Louisiana Government Bill 3.
History of the United Kingdom - History of the United Kingdom Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Background 2 Subjugation of Wales 3 The Union of Two Crowns 4 Republican Rule 1649 5 The Act of Union 1707 6 Act of Union 1801 7 The United Kingdom and the Commonwealth 8 Recent History 9 Military History 10 Constituent Nations' Histories 10..1 Footnote 11 See Also 12 External Links Background The United Kingdom is the realm or kingdom that covers England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and which for over one hundred years included Ireland. The United Kingdom1 was created in the 1801 Act of Union that merged the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. At its nucleus was a system of government created for the Kingdom of England and which in phases incorporated.
History of Chad - History of Chad This page discusses the history of Chad, Africa. A humanoid skull found in Borkou is more than 3 million years old. Because in ancient times the Saharan area was not totally arid, Chad's population was more evenly distributed than it is today. For example, 7,000 years ago, the north central basin, now in the Sahara, was still filled with water, and people lived and farmed around its shores. The cliff paintings in Borkou and Ennedi depict elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, cattle, and camels; only camels survive there today. The region was known to traders and geographers from the late Middle Ages. Since then, Chad has served as a crossroads for the Muslim peoples of the desert and savanna regions, and the animist Bantu tribes.
History of Cambodia - History of Cambodia This article is the top of the History of Cambodia series. Early history of Cambodia Dark ages of Cambodia Colonial Cambodia Cambodia under Sihanouk (1954-1970) Cambodian Civil War Democratic Kampuchea History of Cambodia (1979-present) This is the History of Cambodia series. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early Kingdoms 2 The Dark Ages 3 The French Colonial Period 4 First administration of Sihanouk 5 The Khmer Republic and the War 6 Democratic Kampuchea (1975-1979) 7 Modern Cambodia 8 Related articles 9 References Early Kingdoms Main article: Early history of Cambodia The Khmer people were among the first in Southeast Asia to adopt religious ideas and political institutions from India and to establish centralized kingdoms encompassing large territories. The earliest known kingdom in the area,.
History of Chile - History of Chile Bernardo O'Higgins Early history Chilean territory was one of last to be populated in the Americas. In prehispanic Chile lived over a dozen different peoples. Despite such diversity, it is possible to classify them into three major cultural groups: The northern peoples, who developed rich handicrafts and were influenced by preincan cultures; the Mapuche culture, that inhabited between the river Choapa and the island of Chiloé, and lived primarily of agriculture and recolection; and the Patagonian culture, composed by nomad populations, who supported themselves through fishing and hunting. As the Incan Empire expanded, it only could integrate the northern Chile. As incans arrived to Central Chile, they established some colonies, but they were succesfully stopped by Mapuche warriors at Lircay river. The first.
History of Costa Rica - History of Costa Rica History of Costa Rica In Pre-Columbian times the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of the Mesoamerica cultural area. Pre-Columbian Ceramics from Nicoya, Costa Rica The native peoples were conquered by Spain in the 16th century. Costa Rica was then the southern-most province in the Spanish territory of New Spain. The provincial capital was in Cartago. After a brief time in the Mexican Empire of Augustin de Iturbide (see: History of Mexico) Costa Rica became a state in the United States of Central America (see: History of Central America) from 1823 to 1839. In 1824 the capital was moved to San José. From the 1840s on Costa Rica was an independent nation. Costa Rica is a Central American.
