Muscle relaxant - Muscle relaxant In medicine, a muscle relaxant is a drug that causes skeletal muscle contraction to cease. Muscle relaxants are used to facilitate surgery, to enable tracheal intubation and to facilitate mechanical ventilation. Muscles relaxants typically work by blocking the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Receptor blockers 2 Other mechanisms 3 Central acting muscle relaxants 4 Acting on smooth muscle Receptor blockers Substances that compete with ACh, for the receptors on a muscle cell can be either depolarising, or non-depolarising. Depolarising muscles relaxants activate the muscle briefly, before blocking it. Succinylcholine Non-depolarising relaxants block the ACh receptors without activating them. Curare Curare-based molecules, e.g. turbocuranine, pancuronium bromide. Other mechanisms Botulinum toxin, marketed as Botox for facial wrinkle removal,.
Fisting - sex, since a hand is inserted into the anus. Not all anal manipulation by hand results in fisting. Anal fisting is mostly practiced by homosexual men, but not exclusively. Contrary to some myths about gay culture, most gay men don't fist. Often, the hand is covered with a nitrile (not latex) glove, and is lubricated with a heavy vegetable grease, or vegetable shortening. Sometimes the bottom uses "poppers" (amyl nitrite) as a muscle relaxant when the process is begun. Fisting can be accomplished with no aids, although most beginning bottoms would find it impossible without at least some lubrication. One of the results of anal fisting can be massage of the prostate gland incidental to the hand insertion..
Electroconvulsive therapy - a grand mal seizure is induced in a patient by passing an electrical current through the brain. Current flow is usually from temple to temple, though sometimes electroshock may be applied to only one hemisphere of the brain. The resultant seizure is characterized as being more severe than a naturally occurring epileptic seizure. The patient loses consciousness and experiences powerful and violent uncontrolled muscle movement (unless a muscle relaxant has been administered beforehand.) Afterwards, patients have no memory of the seizure or events immediately preceding it, and remain mentally dull and listless for hours, days, or even weeks afterwards. Theraputic ECT is usually administered more than once over a period of time. Repeated administration of ECT produces dramatic long term changes in personality and mood, along with increasingly diminished memory function..
Benzodiazepine - are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. They are believed to act at the GABAA receptor, activation of which dampens neuronal activity. Benzodiazepines are used in short term relief of severe, disabling anxiety but their prolonged use is discouraged because of tolerance and dependency. Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome may be delayed (but less so with short-acting agents) in its onset and longer than barbiturate withdrawal syndrome. The benzodiazepine syndrome is characterized by: insomnia anxiety tremor perspiration loss of appetite delusions As some of the symptoms of the syndrome are identical to the original reasons for the prescription of the drug it may encourage further prescribing. It must be remembered that benzodiazepines are the largest group of misused drugs. [1] Every person on long-term or high.
Curare - and large mammals (e.g. tapirs) about 20 minutes. Curare, a major industry for some tribes, was generally too expensive and scarce to be used in warfare. The principal chemicals of curare are alkaloids that affect neuromuscular transmission. Among the many alkaloids present in curare preparations, the most important ones are curarine and tubocurarine. Death from curare is caused by loss of the ability to breathe as a result of paralysis. The alkaloid curare molecule mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by binding to its receptor at muscle synapses. This prevents nerves from stimulating muscle contraction. The resulting paralysis onsets gradually, because curare must compete for receptor binding sites before occupying them. Typically the toxin kills only if it enters the blood stream. The amounts used to hunt animal are easily broken down in.
Soma - son, Budha. The drink Soma was kept and distributed by the Gandharvas. Haoma Haoma is the ancient Iranian (Persian) form of the word 'soma', the intoxicating and invigorating drink of the gods which was central to early Aryan religious ritual. The making of soma/haoma from a plant is described in detail in the Rigveda, and is recorded in early Iranian texts. The identity of the plant is not known for certain. The reforms of the prophet Zoroaster rejected the making of Haoma on moral grounds. Soma and Psychiatry in Huxley The term "Soma" was used in Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World (1932) in which it describes a drug. This is an 'opium of the people' that replaces religion in an oppressive futuristic science-based society. Soma is a pill consumed as.
Succinylcholine chloride - is sold under the trademarked name of Anectine and is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. Succinylcholine acts as a depolarizing muscle relaxant. It imitates the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, but is not as readily degraded by acetylcholine esterase. The prolonged stimulation of the acetylcholine receptor results first in disorganized muscle contractions, then in profound relaxation. Its medical uses are limited to short-term muscle relaxation in anesthesia and intensive care, usually for facilitation of tracheal intubation. Despite its many undesired effects on the circulatory system and skeletal muscles (including malignant hyperthermia, a rare but life-threatening disease), it is still much used because it arguably has the fastest onset of action of all muscle relaxants. A single intravenous dose of 0.6 to 1.0 milligram per kilogram of body weight will cause flaccid.
Pancuronium bromide - with the brand name Pavulon® (Organon Pharmaceuticals). It is a nondepolarizing medium-term muscle relaxant and works by curarimimetic action - the competitive antagonism with acetylcholine of the autonomic cholinergic receptors. With the correct intravenous dosage the effects last around 45 minutes and it is used with general anaesthesia in surgery for muscle relaxation and as an aid to intubation or ventilation. It does not have sedative or analgesic effects. Side effects include moderately raised heart rate and thereby arterial pressure and cardiac output, excessive salivation, apnea and respiratory depression, rashes, flushing and sweating. The muscular relaxation can be dangerous in the seriously ill and it can accumulate leading to extended weakness. Its empirical formula is: C35H60Br2N2O 4 Its structural name is 3α, 17β - diacetoxy - 5α - androstan - 2β,.
Pharmacology - nitrate, antiarrhythmic, beta-receptor blocker, antianginal, diuretic, antihypertensive, calcium channel blocker, alpha blocker, vasodilator, peripheral activator, anticoagulant, heparin, antiplatelet drug, fibrinolytic, haemostatic drug, hypolipidaemic agent, statin. For the Central Nervous System hypnotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antidepressant (including tricyclic antidepressants), anti-emetic, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic, movement disorder drug, CNS stimulant, barbiturate, benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone, dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, anticholinergic, emetic, cannabinoids, 5-HT antagonist, amphetamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, lithium salt, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor For Pain analgesic, antipyretic, migraine treatment drug NSAIDs, opioid analgesic For Musculo-Skeletal Disorders NSAIDs, muscle relaxant, neuromuscular drug anticholinesterase, COX-2 inhibitor For Endocrine problems androgen, antiandrogen, gonadotropin, corticosteroid, growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetic, thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosponate, vasopressin analogues For the Genito-Urinary System antifungal, alkalising agent, quinolones, antibiotic, cholinergic, anticholinergic, anticholinesterase, antispasmodic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker For Infections and Infestations antibiotic,.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - taking anti-Parkinsonism drugs known as dopaminergics if those drugs are discontinued abruptly. Generally, intensive care is needed. The neuroleptic drug is discontinued, and the fever is treated aggressively. A muscle relaxant may be prescribed. Dopaminergic drugs, such as a dopamine agonist, have been reported to be useful. Early identification of and treatment for individuals with neuroleptic malignant syndrome improves outcome. If clinically indicated, a low potency neuroleptic can be reintroduced very slowly when the individual recovers, although there is a risk that the syndrome might recur. Another alternative is to substitute another class of drugs for the neuroleptic. Anesthesia may be a risk to individuals who have experienced neuroleptic malignant syndrome. From the public domain resource at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/neuroleptic_syndrome.htm.
Valium - used as a sedative in the treatment of anxiety, in psychoneurotic disorders and acute alcohol withdrawal. It acts as a skeletal muscle relaxant and is therefore used in various spastic disorders and tetanus. It may be used to relieve spasticity and athetosis in patients with cerebral palsy. It can be used as a preanesthetic medication, as a hypnotic, and for long-term sedation in intensive care. It also has anticonvulsive properties and can be used in the treatment of status epilepticus. Diazepam and its metabolites have a fairly long half-life compared to other benzodiazepines, about 100-200 hours. Longer half-life is associated with less risk of withdrawal and dependency, but also means that a dose taken for its hypnotic effect in the evening will still be active the following day. Much more writing.
Ischiocavernosus muscle - Ischiocavernosus muscle The Ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the perineum, present in both men and women. It helps flex the anus, and (in males) stablize the erect penis or (in females) tense the vagina. Kegel exercises (also known as pelvic floor exercises) can help tone the ischiocavernosus muscle. External Links Intelihealth page with good diagram.
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle - Flexor digitorum profundus muscle The flexor digitorum profundis is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is called an extrinsic muscle, because it action is at a different location to the main body of the muscle. Flexor digitorum profundis, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel that attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the anterior side of the ulna. Flexor digitorum profundis lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phlanx. It is one of the two flexor muscles of the forearm that are not.
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle - Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis is an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers. The bulk of the muscle is in the anterior of the forearm. Like most flexors of the arm, it is supplied by the median nerve. It's blood comes from the ulnar artery. The proximal attachment includes the median epicondyle of the humerus as well as parts of the radius and ulna. Four long tendons come off this muscle, and travel through the carpal tunnel. They then attach to the base of the proximal phlanges on the four fingers. These tendons have a split, or a hole, at the end of them through which the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus will travel..
Flexor carpi radialis muscle - Flexor carpi radialis muscle In anatomy, flexor carpi radialis is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand. This muscle starts at the medial epicondyle of the humerus (as does flexor carpi ulnaris) and attaches to the anterior side of the base of the 2nd metacarpal. It runs just laterally of flexor digitorum superficialis, and the tendon of flexor carpi radialis can be seen on the anterior of the distal forearm. On a person's distal forearm, right before the wrist, they will see either two or three tendons. Flexor carpi radialis is the most lateral (closest to the thumb) of these. (The most medial one is flexor carpi ulnaris, and the middle one, if it exists is palmaris longus.) As are most of.
Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle - Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle Extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movement at the wrist. As the name suggests, this muscle is an extensor at the wrist joint, and travels along the radial side of the arm, so will also abduct the hand at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the 2nd metacarpal. Being an extensor contained in the forearm, it is innervated by the radial nerve. It initially runs along with brachioradialis, but becomes mostly tendon early on, running between brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis. Blood is supplied by the radial artery..
Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle - Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle Extensor carpi radialis brevis is an extensor, and an abductor of the hand at the wrist joint. It lies medial to longus, and is slightly shorter. It starts lower down on the humerus at the lateral epicondyle, and inserts into the base of the 3rd metacarpal. Like all the muscles in the posterior forearm, ECR brevis is supplied by a branch of the radial nerve..
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle - Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle Extensor carpi ulnaris is a muscle, located in the forearm of humans that acts to extend and adduct the wrist. Being an extensor muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris is on the posterior side of the forearm. It attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, though it crosses the forearm to the ulnar (medial) side, and attaches to the base of the 5th metacarpal. It is innervated by a branch of the radial nerve, namely the posterior interosseus nerve. Its arterial supply comes from the ulnar artery..
Extensor hallucis longus muscle - Extensor hallucis longus muscle The extensor hallucis longus is a muscle in the human leg and foot. It straightens both the ankle and the big toe..
Dartos muscle - Dartos muscle The dartos muscle is a muscle inside the scrotum (the only one). It acts to regulate the temperature of the testicles in order to promote spermatogenesis. It does so by expanding or contracting the scrotum. Contraction reduces the surface area of the scrotum, thus reducing heat loss and thus warming the testicles. Conversely, expansion increases the surface area, promoting heat loss and thus cooling the testicles..
