Nordic Council - Nordic Council The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a cooperation forum for the governments of the Nordic countries. It was established following World War II and its first concrete results was the introduction in 1952 of a common labor market, social security, and free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. The Nordic Council has offices in Copenhagen and various installations in each separate country. The council does not have any formal power on its own, but each government has to implement any decisions through its country's legislative assembly (parliament). With Denmark, Norway, and Iceland being members of NATO, Sweden being neutral, and Finland having had cooperation treaties with then Soviet Union, the Nordic Council has not been involved any.
Nordic countries - Nordic countries The Nordic countries is a term used collectively for five countries in Northern Europe. The Nordic Countries are also the member countries of the Nordic Council: Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden In addition, the following autonomous territories are associated members of the Nordic Council: Åland (Finland) Faroe Islands (Denmark) Greenland (Denmark) They enjoy a degree of self-government and have distinct separate identities within their respective countries. The Lapland region has a distinct identity as well. In loose usage, the term Scandinavia is sometimes used as a synonym for Nordic countries. Strictly, however, political Scandinavia only includes Sweden, Norway and Denmark, while geographical Scandinavia only includes Sweden and Norway. The Nordic countries has an aggregate population of about 24 million. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1.
Kievan Rus' - have debated the role of the Varangians in the establishment of Kievan Rus'. Some Russian historians have stressed the Slavic influence in the development of the state. Although Slavic tribes had formed their own regional jurisdictions by 860, the Varangians initiated Kievan Rus' which was named after them (Rus' is etymologically identical to the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and Rootsi, and is derived from the Old Norse root for "rowing" rods-, which is logical as the Russian rivers are more suitable for rowing than sailing). The Vikings however called the land Greater Sweden, Sweden the Cold or Gardarike (the land of cities). The Slavic people had as a majority settled down at that time, and they built many large and well-defended cities, which was a contrast to many.
Jan Kjærstad - editor of the literary magazine Vinduet ("The Window"). He has received a number of prizes, the most important being the Nordic Council Literature Prize, which he received for the trilogy about the TV personality Jonas Wergeland (The Seducer, The Conqueror and The Discoverer). Kjærstad's books are complex and humorous, showing an outstanding ability to visualize modern life and its many interdependencies, reminiscent of a less computer-focused Neal Stephenson. His books have been translated to English, German, Danish, Swedish, and Hungarian, among others. Bibliography The Earth Turns Quietly ("Kloden dreier stille rundt", Short stories, 1980) Mirrors ("Speil", Novel, 1982) Homo Falsus or the Perfect Murder ("Homo Falsus eller det perfekte mord", Novel, 1984) The Great Fairy Tale ("Det store eventyret". Novel, 1987) The Matrix of Man ("Menneskets matrise", Essays, 1989) The Arabian.
Jan-Erik Enestam - the Environment and Minister at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Nordic cooperation), 17 April 2003 onwards Party Leader, Master of Social Sciences, Member of Parliament Swedish People's Party Date and place of birth: 12 March 1947, Västanfjärd, Finland Place of residence: Västanfjärd Minister of Defence, from 2 January to 13 April 1995 Minister at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (equality affairs), from 2 January to 13 April 1995 Minister of the Interior, from 13 April 1995 to 15 April 1999 Minister of Defence, from 15 April 1999 to 17 April 2003 Minister at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Nordic cooperation and cooperation with the neighbouring regions), from 15 April 1999 to 17 April 2003 Party Leader, Swedish People's Party, 1998 onwards Member of Parliament, 1991 onwards Swedish People's Party.
Jan O. Karlsson - in 1962. In 1968 he transfered to the Office of the Prime Minister where he worked as a advisor. From 1973 he served as secretary to the Deputy Mayor of Stockholm and in 1977 he became the deputy secretary for the presidency of the Nordic Council. Following the election in 1982 when the Social Democrats returned to power he was made state secretary at the Ministry of Finance. Following the election in 1988 he was instead made chairman for the government commission of inquiry on metropolitan areas, and in 1990 once again adviser and coordinator at the Prime Minister's Office. Between 1991 and 1994 when the Social Democrats were out of office Mr. Karlsson worked as an advisor for the party parliamentary group. In the fall of 1994 the Swedes went.
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir - tourist guides and the first theatre group in Iceland; member of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Affairs in Nordic countries, 1976-1980; Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, 1996 to present. At her election in 1980 she was the first woman anywhere to be elected the head of state in a democratic election. She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and overwhelmingly won a contested election in 1988. She is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. Preceded by: Kristján Eldjárn Presidents of Iceland Succeeded by: Ólafur Ragnar Grimsson.
History of Finland - was however far too radical. As the Parliament had exceeded its authority, it was dissolved. The minority of the Parliament, and of the Senate, were content. New elections promised a chance to gain majority, which they were convinced would improve the chances to reach an understanding with Russia. The non-Socialists were inclined to cooperate with the Provisional government also because they feared the Socialists' power would grow, resulting in radical reforms, such as equal suffrage in municipal elections, or a land reform. The majority had, of course, the squarly opposite opinion. They didn't accept the provisional government's right to dissolve the Parliament. The Social Democrats held on to the Power Act and opposed the publication of the decree of dissolution of the Parliament, whereas the non-Socialists voted for publishing it. The.
History of Sweden - Sweden - 1866 10 Industrialization of Sweden - 1914 11 See also 12 References Early Kingdoms - 700 Main article: Early Swedish Kingdoms During the 7th and 8th centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for their far-reaching trade. In the 9th century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Blackandand Caspian Seas. Unification - 1100 Main article: Unification of Sweden During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that would also come to include Finland. Queen Margaret I of Denmark united the Nordic countries in the Kalmar Union in 1397. Continual tension within the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The union's final disintegration in.
History of Denmark - trading town, was located there. Their alliance with Sweden to attack Denmark was initially a fiasco since Danish forces captured a large Hanseatic fleet, ransoming them for an enormous sum. Luckily for the League the Jutland Nobles revolted against the heavy taxes required to fight an expansionistic war in the Baltic; the two forces worked against the king, forcing him into exile in 1370. For several year the Hanseatic League controlled the fortresses on "the sound" between Sweden and Denmark. Margaret and the Kalmar Union Main Article: Kalmar Union Margaret I was the daughter of Valdemar Atterdag. She was married to Håkon VI of Norway in an attempt to join the two kingdoms and perhaps bring in Sweden since Håkon was related to the Swedish royal family. Originally her son, Olaf.
Government Agencies in Sweden - Employment and Communications 9..23 Enterprises 9..24 Courts 10 Remaining ministries Government Agencies reporting to the Ministry of Justice Chancellor of Justice, or Justitiekanslern (JK). (Official site) Field of operations: Supervises those who are involved with public operations, it is responsible to the Government for protecting the rights of the State and it provides the Government with advice and surveys in legal matters. Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority, or Brottsoffermyndigheten (BrOM). Located in Umeå. (Official site) Field of operations: examines crime victim compensation issues and allocates funds from the Fund for Victims of Crime. Swedish National Economic Crimes Bureau, or Ekobrottsmyndigheten. (Official site) Swedish Election Authority, or Valmyndigheten. Located in Solna. (Official site) Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine, or Rättsmedicinalverket (RMV). (Official site) Field of operations: the central administrative.
Faroe Islands - to Icelandic than to Danish. From the CIA World Factbook 2000. History of the Faroe Islands Geography of the Faroe Islands Demographics of the Faroe Islands Politics of the Faroe Islands Economy of the Faroe Islands Communications in the Faroe Islands Transportation in the Faroe Islands Military of the Faroe Islands Nordic Council: Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Åland Faroe Islands Greenland Nordic Countries Europe.
Foreign relations of Denmark - upon four cornerstones: the United Nations, NATO, the EU, and Nordic cooperation. Denmark also is a member of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; the World Trade Organization (WTO); the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE); the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); the Council of Europe; the Nordic Council; the Baltic Council; and the Barents Council. Denmark emphasizes its relations with developing nations and is one of the few countries to exceed the UN goal of contributing 1% of GNP to development assistance. In the wake of the Cold War, Denmark has been active in international efforts to integrate the countries of Central and Eastern Europe into the West. It has played a leadership role in coordinating Western assistance to the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia,.
Foreign relations of Finland - freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting." Finland's government undertook further to prevent the resurgence of Fascist organizations or any others, "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights." With the exception that the Soviet interpretation of "Fascist organizations" turned out to be wide, these clauses had no practical effects. Reassurance (See also: Finlandization) For the survival of Finland as an independent sovereign country, firmly convicted in the value of Democracy, Capitalism, human and civil rights, Finland had to find a formula to convince Stalin and his successors, that Soviet's vital interests could be met volountairly by the Finns. This was the gist of the Paasikivi doctrine. In April 1948,.
Foreign relations of Sweden - require heavy expenditures for social welfare, defense spending at rates considered high by west European standards (currently around 2.2% of GNP), and close attention to foreign trade opportunities and world economic cooperation. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 United Nations 2 European Union 3 Nordic Council 4 Nonalignment 5 International organization participation 6 References United Nations Sweden participates actively in the United Nations, including as a member of the Security Council in 1997-1998, and other multilateral organizations. The strong interest of the Swedish Government and people in international cooperation and peacemaking has been supplemented in the early 1980s by renewed attention to Nordic and European security questions. European Union On January 1, 1995, Sweden became a member of the European Union. While some argued that it went against Sweden's historic policy of.
Foreign relations of Norway - NATO and support for the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Norway also pursues a policy of economic, social, and cultural cooperation with other Nordic countries--Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland--through the Nordic Council. Norway began a 2-year term on the UN Security Council in January 2001, and chaired the Iraq Sanctions Committee. In addition to strengthening traditional ties with developed countries, Norway seeks to build friendly relations with developing countries and has undertaken humanitarian and development aid efforts with selected African and Asian nations. Norway also is dedicated to encouraging democracy, assisting refugees, and protecting human rights throughout the world. Disputes - international: territorial claim in Antarctica (Dronning Maud Land) See also : Norway.
Foreign relations of Iceland - with practically all nations, but its ties with other Nordic states, with the US, and with the other NATO nations are particularly close. Icelanders remain especially proud of the role Iceland played in hosting the historic 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War. Iceland's principal historical international dispute involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with Britain led to the so-called Cod War of 1975-76. Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in the Barents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000. Certain environmentalists are concerned that Iceland left the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain.
European Parliament - the European Parliament 3 Representation 3.1 Elections 4 External Link Introduction Other organisations of European countries such as Nato, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the Western European Union have parliamentary assemblies as well, but the European Parliament is unique in that it is directly elected by the people and has legislative power. The members of the parliamentary assemblies of the OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the Western European Union are appointed by national parliaments. Although the two institutions of the EU's executive, the European Commission and the European Council, both have their seats in Brussels, a protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam requires the European Parliament to have monthly sessions in Strasbourg. For practical reasons, however, all preparatory legislative work and committee meetings of the parliament take.
Denmark - see Denmark (disambiguation). The Kingdom of Denmark is the smallest Nordic country, situated in Scandinavia, in northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula and a number of islands north of Germany and Poland, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway. Additionally, the territories of Greenland and the Faroe Islands are under Danish sovereignty, while enjoying home rule. Kongeriget Danmark (In Detail) Motto of the Queen: The help of God, the love of people, the greatness of Denmark.'' Official language Danish1 Capital Copenhagen Monarch Margrethe II of Denmark Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen Area - Total - % water Ranked 130th 43,094 km² 1.6% Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 104th 5,352,815 124/km² Independence prehistoric age, before 8th century Currency Krone Time zone UTC +1.
1944 - Monte Cassino - Allied aircraft bomb German-held monastery and stage an assault. March 18 - German forces occupy Hungary. May 17 - Type IX U-boat: U-884 is launched. May 18 - Battle of Monte Cassino - Germans evacuate Monte Cassino and Allied forces take the stronghold after a struggle that claimed 20,000 lives. June 5 - Rome falls to the Allies, becoming the first Axis capital to fall. June 6 - D-Day; Allied invasion of Normandy begins. June 9 - Stalin launches an offensive against Finland with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin. June 25 - The Battle of Tali-Ihantala between Finnish and Soviet troops begins. Largest battle ever to be fought in the Nordic countries. July 9 - British and Canadian forces capture Caen. July 17 -.
