Notebook processor - Notebook processor All computing devices require a microprocessor, optimized for the particular application. In the case of notebook computers, low power consumption is one of the main characteristics differentiating it from other microprocessors used in personal computing. A notebook processor is a microprocessor optimized for notebook computers. The notebook processor is becoming an increasing important market segment in the semiconductor industry. Notebook computers are an increasingly popular format of the broader category of mobile computers. The objective of a notebook computer is to provide the performance and functionality of a desktop computer in a portable size and weight. Wireless networking and low power consumption are primary consideration in the choice of a notebook processor..
Mobile processor - Mobile processor A mobile processor is a CPU designed to save power. Mostly it is used in notebook computers. See notebook processor..
List of Intel microprocessors - at once, bane of programmers' existence for years to come 8088 Introduced June 1, 1979 Clock speeds: 5MHz with 0.33 MIPS 8MHz with 0.75 MIPS Internal architecture 16 bits External bus Width 8 bits data, 20 bits address Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 microns Addressable memory 1 megabyte Identical to 8086 except for its 8 bit external bus Used in IBM PCs and PC clones 80186 Introduced 1982 Used mostly in embedded applications - controllers, point-of-sale systems, terminals, and the like Included two timers, a DMA controller, and an interrupt controller on the chip in addition to the processor Later renamed the iAPX 186 80188 Same as 80186 except with 8 bit external data bus 80286 Introduced February 1, 1982 Clock speeds: 6MHz with 0.9 MIPS 8MHz, 10MHz with 1.5.
AMD 5x86 - AMD 5x86 The AMD 5x86 processor is an x86-compatible CPU introduced in 1995 by AMD for use in 486-class computer systems. It was one of the fastest, and most universally-compatible upgrade paths for users of 486 systems. Introduced in November 1995, the AMD 5x86 (also known as 5x86-133, Am5x86, X5-133, and sold under various 3rd-party labels such as "Turbochip") is a standard 486 processor with an internally-set multiplier of 4, allowing it to run at 133 MHz on systems without official support for clock-multiplied DX2 or DX4 486 processors. Like most of the later 486 parts, the 5x86 featured write-back L1 cache, and unlike all but a few, a generous 16kilobytes rather than the more common 8k. A rare 150 MHz-rated part may've also been released by AMD. Since having.
AMD K6-III - fastest of all Socket 7 processors. It achieved the distinction of being the fastest X86 processor on the market on release, and remained highly competitive a considerable time afterwards. In conception, the design was simple: it was essentially a K6-2 with an additional level of cache memory (Level 3). The original K6-2 had a 64k primary cache and a much larger amount of motherboard-mounted cache (usually 512k or 1MB but varying depending on the choice of main board). In contrast the competing Intel parts used 32k of primary cache and either 128k of full-speed secondary cache integrated into the CPU itself (Celeron) or 512k of half-speed cache mounted on a processor daughter board (Pentium III). The K6-III, however, used both methods: it had 64k primary cahe, a massive 256k on-chip, full-speed.
ThinkPad - name for a highly successful range of portable computers (laptop / notebook computers) manufactured and marketed by IBM. Traditionally black in color, they feature innovations such as the TrackPoint pointing device, some of the best keyboards seen on portables (including the fold-out butterfly keyboard on the 701 models) and have a reputation for being solidly built and dependable. Their speciality is their mouse, which is a tap between the keys. The ThinkPad name was inspired by the leather-bound pocket notebooks issued to all IBM employees with the corporate motto 'Think' embossed on the cover. IBM's corporate naming team was initially against using the name since all IBM computers (till then) were referred to by model numbers rather than names, but subsequently came around recognizing its popularity in the press. Design work.
Toshiba - but it wasn't until 1978 that the company was officially renamed Toshiba Corporation. The group expanded strongly, both by internal growth and by acquisitions, buying heavy engineering and primary industry firms in the 1940s and 1950s and then spinning off subsidiaries in the 1970s and beyond, groups created include Toshiba EMI (1960), Toshiba Electrical Equipment (1974), Toshiba Chemical (1974), Toshiba Lighting and Technology (1989) and Toshiba Carrier Corpoaration (1999). The company was responsible for a number of Japanese firsts, including radar (1942), the TAC digital computer (1954), transistor television and microwave oven (1959), color video phone (1971), Japanese word processor (1978), MRI system (1982), laptop personal computer (1986), NAND EEPROM (1991), DVD (1995), and the Libretto sub-notebook personal computer (1996). Before WWII, Toshiba was a member of the Mitsui Group zaibatsu..
Serial ATA - computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a computer processor and hard disk. It has evolved from the legacy Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA a.k.a. IDE) standard. It has at least three main advantages over its predecessor, namely speed, cable management and hot-swappability. It is probable that normal ATA will be renamed by back formation to parallel ATA (P-ATA) so the two are not confused. Initially Serial ATA was released at 150 megabytes per second but it is designed to scale up quite substantially from there. Serial ATA II will double throughput to 300 MB/s and then 600 MB/s is planned for around 2007. However at 150 MB/s it is still only 17 MB/s faster than the current (2003) fastest parallel ATA interface ATA/133. Parallel buses have difficulty in reaching.
Pentium M - the Pentium M is an x86 architecture microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel. The processor is designed for use in laptop personal computers. It was codenamed "Banias" before its introduction. The Pentium M represents a radical departure for Intel, as it is not a low-power version of the desktop-oriented Pentium 4, but instead a heavily modified version of the Pentium III design (itself a modified form of the Pentium Pro. It is optimised for power efficiency, a vital characteristic for extending notebook computer battery life. Running with very low average power consumption and much less heat output than desktop processors, the Pentium M runs at a lower clock speed than the contemporary Pentium 4 desktop processor series, but with similar performance (e.g. a 1.6 GHz Pentium M can typically attain or.
PowerBook - sales for a time, a fact that Apple seemed to do little to capitalize on. Instead the original team eventually were lured away to work at Compaq, setting back the effort to introduce updated versions for some time. For several years, new PowerBook and PowerBook Duo computers were introduced which featured incremental improvements, including color screens, but by mid-decade, most other companies had copied the majority of the PowerBook's features, and Apple was unable to regain their lead. This remained the story until interim CEO Steve Jobs turned his eye to the redesign of the PowerBook series in 2000. The result was a completely re-designed unit built on a titanium chassis, with a huge 15.2" wide-aspect screen suitable for watching widescreen movies. Built on the power of the PowerPC G4 processor,.
Vector processor - Vector processor A vector processor, or array processor, is a CPU design that is able to run mathematical operations on a large number of data elements very quickly. This is in contrast to a scalar processor which handles one element at a time – the vast majority of CPUs are scalar (or close to it). Vector processors were common in the scientific computing area, where they formed the basis of most supercomputers through the 1980s and into the 1990s, but general increases in performance and processor design have since made the dedicated vector processor a thing of the past. History The first successful implementations of a vector processor appears to be the CDC Cyber 100 and the Texas Instruments Advanced Scientific Computer. The Cyber was otherwise slower.
Digital signal processor - Digital signal processor A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for (real-time) digital signal processing. DSPs can also be used to perform general-purpose computation, but they are not optimised for this function. Rather than general computations, DSPs are usually ha an instruction set (ISA) optimised for/by: Multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations (good for all kinds of matrix operations). Deep pipelining. DMA processing. Saturation arithmetic (i.e. figures do not "wrap around" from maximum positive values to minimum negative values but saturate at the max/min level. Separate program and data memories. Most DSPs are fixed-point, however, floating point DSPs are common for more demanding applications. Specialized instructions for modulo addressing in ring-buffers and for FFT cross-referencing. DSP functionality can also be realised using FPGA chips. Present-day general-purpose microprocessors.
VESA Local Bus - to the problem of ISA's limited bandwidth, and had several flaws that limited its useful life substantially: 80486 dependence. The VESA Local Bus relied heavily on the 80486's memory bus design. When the Pentium processor started to gain mass acceptance, circa 1995, there were major differences in its bus design, and the VESA bus was not easily adaptable. This also made moving the bus to non-Intel architectures nearly impossible. Limited number of slots available. Most PCs that used VESA Local Bus had only one or two slots available, as opposed to 5 or 6 ISA slots. This was because, as a direct branch of the 80486 memory bus, the VESA Local Bus didn't have the electrical ability to drive more than 1 or 2 cards at a time. Reliability problems. The.
Kansas City standard - on an ordinary audio cassette was also known as the BYTE standard or the CUTS (Processor Technology Computer Users Tape Standard). Developed in 1975, it uses asynchronous serial data encoded using frequency shift keying such that a '0' bit is represented as 4 cycles of a 1200 Hz sine wave, and a '1' bit as 8 cycles of 2400 Hz. This gives a data rate of 300 bits per second. Computers using the Kansas City standard included: Several S-100 based systems, such as MITS Altair 8800 PT SOL-20 Ohio Scientific C1P/Superboard II Compukit UK101 Acorn Atom Nascom (which also supported a 1200 bit/s variant) Motorola MEK D1 6800 microcomputer board SWTPC 6800 based computers.
Kaypro - screen was an 80 column green monochrome 9" CRT. CP/M was the standard operating system of the day, and the Kaypro 2 also came with applications such as the WordStar word processor (incl MailMerge, for personalised mass mailings), the SuperCalc spreadsheet, two versions of the Microsoft BASIC interpreter, Kaypro's own compiled S-BASIC (which produced executable .com files), a bytecode compiled BASIC called C-BASIC, and the dBaseII relational database system. Using the comma separated file format (CSV) you could move data between these programs quite easily, which multiplied the utility of the package. The manuals assumed no computer background, the programs were straightforward to use, and thus it was usual to find the CEO of a small company or somebody else developing the applications needed in-house. All this software when bought separately.
Katharine Lee Bates - pastor, she graduated from Wellesley College in 1880 and for many years was a professor of English literature at Wellesley. The first draft of America the Beautiful was hastily jotted in a notebook during the summer of 1893, which Miss Bates spent teaching in Colorado. Later she remembered, "One day some of the other teachers and I decided to go on a trip to 14,000-foot Pikes Peak. We hired a prairie wagon. Near the top we had to leave the wagon and go the rest of the way on mules. I was very tired. But when I saw the view, I felt great joy. All the wonder of America seemed displayed there, with the sea-like expanse." The words to her one famous poem first appeared in print in The Congregationalist, a.
Very long instruction word - of Fisher was the notion that the target CPU architecture should be designed to be a reasonable target for a compiler; that the compiler and the architecture for VLIW must be develoiped hand in hand. This was partly inspired by the difficulty Josh observed at Yale of compiling for architectures like Floating Point Systems FPS164, which had a complex instruction set architecture that separated instruction initiation from the instructions that saved the result -- leading to the need for infeasible scheduling algorithms. Josh developed a set of principles characterizing a proper VLIW, such as self draining pipelines, wide multi-port register files, and memory architectures, which allowed an architecture to be a good compiler. The first VLIW compiler was described in a Ph.D. thesis by John Ellis, supervised by Josh. John Ruttenberg.
Keyboard technology - failing. They are used for ultra-high reliability applications, in locations like nuclear powerplants or aircraft cockpits. They are also sometimes used in industrial environments. These keyboards can be easily made totally waterproof. They also resist large amounts of dust and contaminants. Because a magnet and sensor is required for each key, as well as custom control electronics, they are very expensive. Membrane keyboard Membrane keyboards are usually flat. You would most probably see them on appliances like microwave ovens or photocopiers. A common design consists of three layers. The top layer (and the one the user touches) has the labels printed on its front and conductive stripes printed on the back. Under it is a spacer layer, which holds the front and back layer apart so that they don't normally make.
Kendall Square Research - ran Unix, and were shared memory NUMA machines based on a custom processor. A moderate number of the KSR1 models were sold, but as the KSR2 was being rolled out, the company collapsed amid accounting irregularities. One customer of the KSR2, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a United States Department of Energy facility, purchased an enormous pile of spare parts, and kept their machines running for years after the demise of KSR. KSR, along with many of its competitors (see below) went bankrupt during the collapse of the supercomputer market in the mid-1990s. KSR's competitors included Thinking Machines and Meiko, in addition to various old-line (and still surviving) companies like IBM, Intel, and Sun Microsystems..
KIM-1 - kit produced by MOS Technologies starting in 1975. History MOS' first processor, the 6501, could be plugged into existing motherboards that used the Motorola 6800, allowing potential users (i.e. engineers and hobbyists) to get a development system up and running very easily using existing hardware. This enraged Motorola, who immediately sued, forcing MOS to pull the 6501 from the market. Changing the pin layout produced the "lawsuit-friendly" 6502. Otherwise identical to the 6501, it nevertheless had the disadvantage of having no machine in which new users could quickly start playing with the CPU. Chuck Peddle, leader of the 650x group at MOS, designed the KIM-1 in order to fill this need. While the machine was originally intended to be used by engineers, it quickly found a large audience with hobbyists. A.
