Foundation ontology - Foundation ontology In computer science jargon, a foundation ontology or upper ontology is a hierarchy of entities and associated rules that attempts to describe those general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain. See ontology (computer science) for a more detailed description and examples. In philosophy of mathematics, a foundation ontology is an ontology in the formal philosophical sense that is deemed to play a role in the foundations of mathematics. Most notably, the role played by Plato's ontology in some theories of realism in mathematics. Hilary Putnam made the distinction in 1975, arguing that one could believe in a realist philosophy of mathematical foundations without also accepting Plato's ontology or his sacred geometry, thus the labels "Platonist" and "realist" were not to be.
Core ontology - Core ontology In philosophy, a core ontology is a very basic, minimal, bootstrapping, ontology, consisting only of the minimal concepts required to understand the other concepts. It must be based on a core glossary in some human language, so that humans can comprehend the concepts and distinctions made. Each such natural language tends to rely on its own conceptual metaphor structure, and so tends to have its own core ontology (according to Quine anyway). It could be said also to represent the moral core of a human linguistic culture, and to self-correct so as to better represent core cultural ideas. Such a core ontology is a key pre-requisite to a more complete foundation ontology (in computing or theology), or a more general philosophical sense of ontology ('what.
Cognitive ontology - Cognitive ontology Cognitive ontology is ontology (study of being) which begins from features of human cognition directly, as opposed to its collective summary which is reflected in language. The more radical forms of it challenge also the central position of mathematics as "just another language" which biases human cognition. Barry Smith is a notable figure in this field, and has also studied naive physics. Perceptual psychology is a very closely related field, as it studies the limits of what humans can perceive. This is a stub article. Click 'Discuss this page' to view the outtakes of this work in process..
Standard upper ontology - Standard upper ontology IEEE P1600.1 term for a near-universal foundation ontology..
Standard ontology - Standard ontology The term 'standard ontology' should not be used, as any reference to an ontology implies completeness by some definition, and the inability of a system based on one 'standard' to communicate with a system based on any other such 'standard'. Accordingly, the term foundation ontology should be used in all three (philosophy, theology or computer science) senses of the term ontology. redirect foundation ontology.
Suggested Upper Merged Ontology - Suggested Upper Merged Ontology The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology or SUMO is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. It was developed by Teknowledge Corporation and is one candidate for the "Standard Upper Ontology" that IEEE working group 1600.1 is working on. It can be downloaded and used freely. SUMO was first released in December 2000. It defines a hierarchy of SUMO classes and related rules and relationships. These are formulated in a version of the language KIF which has a LISP-like syntax. A mapping from WordNet synsets for nouns and verbs to SUMO classes has also been defined..
Ontology - Ontology This article does not explain the computer science term ontology. In philosophy, ontology, the most fundamental branch of metaphysics, is the study of being or existence as well as the basic categories thereof. A being is anything that can be said to 'be' in various senses of the word 'be'. The verb to be has many different meanings and can therefore be rather ambiguous. Because "to be" has so many different meanings, there are, accordingly, many different ways of being. Aristotle described ontology as "the science of being qua being." The word 'qua' means 'with regard to the aspect of'. According to this theory, then, ontology is the science of being with regard to the aspect of being, or the study of beings insofar as.
Ontology (computer science) - Ontology (computer science) In computer science, an ontology is the attempt to formulate an exhaustive and rigorous conceptual schema within a given domain, a typically hierarchical data structure containing all the relevant entities and their relationships and rules within that domain. T. R. Gruber has described an ontology in this sense as "an explicit specification of conceptualization". Although the term 'ontology' has been used very loosely to label almost any conceptual classification scheme, among practising computational ontologists, a true ontology should contain at a minimum not only a hierarchy of concepts organized by the subsumption relation (often called 'isa', 'subtype' or 'subclass'), but other 'semantic relations' that specify how one concept is related to another. The most common of the semantic relations other than subsumption is.
Knowledge representation - concepts. From earliest times, the knowledge frame or just frame has been used. A frame consists of slots which contain values; for instance, the frame for house might contain a color slot, number of floors slot, etc. Frames can behave something like object-oriented programming languages, with inheritance of features described by the "is-a" link. However, there has been no small amount of inconsistency in the usage of the "is-a" link: Richard P. Gabriel wrote a paper titled "What IS-A is and isn't", wherein 29 different semantics were found in projects whose knowledge representation schemes involved an "is-a" link. Other links include the "has-part" link. Frames suffer from the frame problem of knowledge linking. Scripts are a type of frame that describes what happens temporally; the usual example given is that describing.
Knowledge - perform some task. Distinguishing propositional knowledge from know-how Suppose that Fred says to you: "The fastest swimming stroke is the front crawl. One performs the front crawl by oscillating the legs at the hip, and moving the arms in an approximately circular motion". Here, Fred has propositional knowledge of swimming and how to perform the front crawl. However, if Fred acquired this propositional knowledge from an encyclopedia, he will not have acquired the skill of swimming: he has some propositional knowledge, but does not have any know-how. In general, one can demonstrate know-how by performing the task in question, but it is harder to demonstrate propositional knowledge. See also: belief, truth, epistemology, information Quote "The learning and knowledge that we have, is, at the most, but little compared with that of.
Ian Hacking - Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (1995) Mad Travellers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illness (1998) The Social Construction of What (1999) Probability and Inductive Logic (2001) Historical Ontology (2002).
Victor Cousin - at first greatly attracted him. The influence of Schelling may be observed very markedly in the earlier form of his philosophy. He sympathized with the principle of faith of Jacobi, but regarded it as arbitrary so long as it was not recognized as grounded in reason. In 1817 he went to Germany, and met Georg Hegel at Heidelberg. Hegel's Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften appeared the same year, and Cousin had one of the earliest copies. He thought Hegel not particularly amiable, but the two became friends. The following year Cousin went to Munich, where he met Schelling for the first time, and spent a month with him and Jacobi, obtaining a deeper insight into the Philosophy of Nature. France's political troubles interfered for a time with his career. In the events.
Interdisciplinarity - most important concepts that are arguably interdisciplinary, thus finding applications in several different fields: Terms with a high degree of interdisciplinarity include: abstraction architecture analogy chaos theory complexity control culture cycle design discipline elegance energy entropy equilibrium evolution feedback generalization hierarchy invariance language learning logic methodology model mind negotiation ontology order pattern position purpose relation self-organization signal simplicity specialization strategy structure synthesis system transformation trust uniformity unity universe whole.
Information Awareness Office - or FutureMAP, intends to "concentrate on market-based techniques for avoiding surprise and predicting future events." It will analyze data from the world's economy in attempt to predict political instability, threats to national security, and in general every major event in the near future. The IAO's stated strategy for this division includes "the markets must also be sufficiently robust to withstand manipulation", possibly suggesting the intention of altering future events to further the goals of the United States. Genisys is the name given to the database system which will be implented as the center of information for the IAO. Currently used database systems designed in the 1980s are insufficient for the massive amount of data to be gathered. Genoa "provides the structured argumentation, decision-making and corporate memory to rapidly deal with and.
Information Processing Technology Office - from humans; will be aware of themselves and able to reflect on their own behavior; will be able to respond robustly to surprises, in a very general way. IPTO Research Projects LifeLog, an IPTO project "to trace the 'threads' of an individual's life in terms of events, states, and relationships" by creating "an ontology-based (sub)system that captures, stores, and makes accessible the flow of one person’s experience in and interactions with the world in order to support a broad spectrum of associates/assistants and other system capabilities." External Links Official IPTO Homepage.
GCB - the GCB is the greatest conceivable being, used in discussion of ontology. In the British honours system, a GCB is a "Knight Grand Cross" in the Order of the Bath. GCB is the Germany Convention Bureau, http://www.gcb.de. GCB is also the German Conference on Bioinformatics. In Ghana, 'GCB'\ is the Ghana Commercial Bank, http://www.gcb.com.gh. In Nevada, the Gaming Control Board (GCB) regulates gambling in the state. In Minnesota, GCB is the Minnesota Gambling Control Board, which regulates gambling in the state; http://www.gcb.state.mn.us..
Goodness and value theory - not to be a real property of the world. Attempted definitions of goodness fail in known ways. Definitions generally either describe traits or properties of a real object or set of objects, or divide the concept into other, subsidiary concepts. Both approaches have failed to define goodness. Either the definition provided is circular, or we are left without any substantial or meaningful definition at all. As a result, philosophers have tried desperate expedients to get some of the value that such a definition would provide. Problems with definitions using traits or properties: Most philosophers find that the traits or properties that would justify calling a thing good are different for different categories of judgment. For example, the criteria by which we judge art to be good are different from those by.
Guilt - feelings or experiences of the agent. This may lead to more of a focus on etiquette than ethics as understood in Western civilization. This leads some to question why them we would adapt the words ethos and mores from Ancient Greek when their norms are so different from ours. A meta-wikipedia article asks this. Christianity and Islam inherit most notions of guilt from Judaism, Persiann and Roman ideas, mostly as interpreted through Augustine who adapted Plato's ideas to Christianity. The Latin word for guilt is culpa, a word sometimes seen in law literature, e.g. in "mea culpa", "I take responsibility". The Latin word for authority assumes a high degree of responsibility, the English word "province" being a close equivalent. The relationship between guilt, social trust and the law is complex. A.
Formal method for evaluating and quantifying ethicality and morality of human actions - on some axioms of morality. Religious moral codes provide such axioms in most societies, and to some degree, following those strictly could be considered formal in that no more trusted or respected method existed. But our modern concept of what is formal and thus universally trustworthy and transparent is derived from that of the ancient Greeks: Pythagoras and Plato sought to combine moral and mathematical elements of reality in their work on ontology. This was very influential and the work of both is still consulted to this day, although, the social and political implications of their methods are often rejected by more modern philosophers. Thomas Aquinas, Francis Bacon and some of the Asharite philosophers shared a belief in some kind of over-arching ethical reality provided by a deity. But while Aquinas.
Frankfurt School - itself." Consequently, at a time when it appears that reality itself has become ideology, the greatest contribution that critical theory can make is to explore the dialectical contradictions of individual subjective experience, on the one hand, and to preserve the truth of theory, on the other. Even the dialectic can become a means to domination: "Its truth or untruth, therefore, is not inherent in the method itself, but in its intention in the historical process." And this intention must be toward integral freedom and happiness: "the only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would present themselves from the standpoint of redemption". How far from orthodox Marxism is Adorno's conclusion: "But beside the demand thus placed on thought, the.
