Inorganic chemistry - Inorganic chemistry Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the study of the chemical compounds formed by the elements. Those compounds based upon chains or rings of carbon atoms are studied under the separate heading of organic chemistry, although the two disciplines overlap in the study of organometallic compounds. Major branches of inorganic chemistry include Minerals, such as salt, asbestos, silicates, , ... Metals and their alloys, like iron, copper, aluminum, brass, bronze, ... Compounds involving non-metallic elements, like silicon, phosphorus, ,chlorine, oxygen, for example water Metal complexes Some important inorganic products are silicon chips, transistors, LCD screens, and fiber optics. Inorganic chemistry often overlaps with mineralogy, geochemistry,analytical chemistry, environmental chemistry, physical chemistry, and organometallic chemistry. Organometallic chemistry combines aspects of organic chemistry with inorganic.
Inorganic chemistry of carbon - Inorganic chemistry of carbon There is a rich variety of carbon chemistry that does not fall within the realm of organic chemistry and is thus called inorganic carbon chemistry. Perhaps best well known are the oxides of carbon, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Other types include (but are not limited to) inorganic salts and complexes of the carbon-containing polyatomic ions, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, carbonate, and carbide. The known inorganic chemistry of the allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, and the fullerenes) blossomed with the discovery of buckminsterfullerene in the late 20th century as additional fullerenes and their various derivatives were discovered. One such class of derivatives is inclusion compounds, in which an ion is enclosed by the all-carbon shell of the fullerene. This inclusion is denoted by the.
Timeline of biology and organic chemistry - Timeline of biology and organic chemistry Timeline of biology and organic chemistry c. 520 B.C. - Alcmæon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries and discovered the optic nerve. c. 500 B.C.¹ - Sushruta - wrote Sushruta Samhita describing over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classified human surgery in 8 categories. Performed cosmetic surgery. c. 500 B.C. - Xenophanes examined fossils and speculated on the evolution of life. c. 350 B.C. - Aristotle attempted a comprehensive classification of animals. His written works included Historia Animalium, a general biology of animals, De Partibus Animalium, a comparative anatomy and physiology of animals, and De Generatione Animalium, on developmental biology. c. 320 BC - Theophrastos (or Theophrastus) begins the systematic study of botany. c. 300 B.C. - Herophilos dissected the.
Organic chemistry - Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the study of those carbon-containing molecules known as organic compounds, which are based upon long chains or rings of carbon atoms. Organic chemistry is the basis of most biochemistry, the study of the chemical processes which take place in living organisms. Some of the classes of substances studied in organic chemistry include aliphatic compounds, chains of carbon which may be modified by functional groups; aromatic hydrocarbons, compounds containing one or more benzene rings; heterocyclic compounds, those which include non-carbon atoms as part of a ring structure; and polymers, which are long chains of repeating groups. Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed to have started with Friedrich Woehler's synthesis of the organic, biologically significant.
List of organic chemistry topics - List of organic chemistry topics This is a list of organic chemistry topics. This page should serve as the starting point for a well-balanced understading of organic chemistry. For a textbook, see wikibooks:Organic chemistry. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Chemical species 2 Reactions 3 Other concepts Chemical species Chemical bonding Covalent bonding Lewis model molecule shapes bond angles functional groups polar and nonpolar molecules resonance structures Alkanes and cycloalkanes Alkane conformation Alkenes Alkene structure alkene properties alkene nomenclature alkene preparation terpene hydrocarbons alkene reactions Alkynes Acids and bases Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, acid dissociation constants Lewis acids and bases relative strengths of acids and bases Alcohols and alkyl halides, diols, thiols Arenes and aromacicity Ethers, epoxides, and sulfides Aldehydes and ketones Enols, enolate anions, enamines Carboxylic acids.
Biochemistry - as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules present in cellss. Biochemistry could also (now) be defined as being the chemistry of enzyme-mediated reactions, whether in vivo or in the test tube, with natural or artificially modified enzymes and other chemicals. Development of biochemistry The dawn of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833 by Anselme Payen. In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper about the synthesis of urea, proving that organic compounds can be created artificially, in contrast to the common belief of the time that organic compounds can only be made by living organisms. Since then, biochemistry has advanced, especially since the mid-20th century, with the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, NMR, radioisotopic labelling, electron microscopy and molecular.
Chemistry - Chemistry Chemistry is the study of the atomic building blocks of nature, how they combine and their combinations which form the solids, liquids, and gases that make up most forms of matter. For the many different chemical elements and compounds, see: The Periodic table List of compounds Inorganic chemistry, including solid state chemistry, which studies the basic principles that are applied in mineralogy and materials science. Organic chemistry, which underlies biochemistry and polymer chemistry and is the study of carbon-containing molecules. Physical chemistry, which includes computational chemistry, quantum chemistry and surface chemistry. Analytical chemistry, the basis of environmental chemistry. Photochemistry, which through photosynthesis drives all of life. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Basics 2 Chemicals and Interactions 3 Quantitative Chemistry 4 States of Matter 5 Acids.
Cracking (chemistry) - Cracking (chemistry) In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e.g. kerogens) are converted to simpler molecules(e.g. hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking is strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of any catalysts. For other types of cracking, see Cracking (disambiguation)..
Organic electronics - Organic electronics Organic electronics is a branch of electronics that deals with conductive polymers, or plastics. It is called 'organic' electronics because the molecules in the polymer are carbon-based, like the molecules of living things. This is as opposed to traditional electronics which relies on inorganic conductorss such as copper or silicon. Conductive polymers are lighter, more flexible, and less expensive than inorganic conductors. This makes them a desirable alternative in many applications. It also creates the possibility of new applications that would be impossible using copper or silicon. New applications include smart windows and electronic paper. Conductive polymers are expected to play an important role in the emerging science of molecular computing. Conductive polymers have a higher resistance and therefore conduct electricity slowly and inefficiently,.
Organic compound - Organic compound An organic compound is any of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with exception of carbides, carbonates and carbon oxides. Organic compounds are studied in organic chemistry; many of them, such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates, are also of prime importance in biochemistry. The dividing line between organic and inorganic is somewhat controversial and historically arbitrary, but generally speaking, organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen bonds, and inorganic compounds do not. Thus carbonic acid is inorganic, whereas formic acid, the first fatty acid, is organic, although it could as well be called "carbonous acid" and its anhydride, carbon monoxide, is inorganic. The name "organic" is a historical name, dating back to 19th century, when it was believed that o.c.'s can only be.
Organic nomenclature - Organic nomenclature Organic nomeclature in organic chemistry is the system established for naming and grouping chemical compounds. Formally, rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry are authoritative for the names of organic compounds, but in practice, a number of simply-applied rules can allow one to use and understand the names of many organic compounds. For many compounds, naming can begin by determining the name of the parent hydrocarbon and by identifying any functional groups in the molecule that distinguish it from the parent hydrocarbon. The numbering of the parent alkane is used, as modified, if necessary, by application of the Cahn Ingold Prelog priority rules in the case that ambiguity remains after consideration of the structure of the parent hydrocarbon alone. The.
Organometallic chemistry - Organometallic chemistry Organometallic chemistry is practiced at the intersection of organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry. It particularly involves the study of metal-carbon bondss and their transformations, in which the carbon, apart from the metal-carbon bond, would otherwise be considered part of an organic compound. In terms of applied chemistry, organometallic chemistry is frequently and deeply pursued by those interested in harnessing the properties of metal compounds for use as catalysts, as in the processing of petroleum products and in the production of organic polymers. See also: Ziegler-Natta catalyst metallocene electron counting.
Organic - Organic Organic has several meanings and may cause confusion as a result. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry dealing with carbon-based compounds. It includes the study of petrochemicals and fossil fuels, and the study of life-compounds such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Organic chemistry is a vitally important branch of chemistry because of its life connections, which underlie petrochemicals and fossil fuels as well as biology. Carbon is a unique element, able to consistently bond at four atomic sites with covalent bonds, so that it forms long, complex, even highly-branched chains. Carbon-based chemistry results in compounds with unique properties, such as lubricants or fiber. A recent discovery is that of Fullerenes, a class of carbon compounds that may be spherical, termed "buckyballs", or.
Organic reaction - Organic reaction Organic reactions are chemical reactions between organic compounds. The number of possible organic reactions is basically infinite. However, certain general patterns are observed that can be used to describe many common or useful reactions. Each reaction has a stepwise mechanism that says how it happens, although this detailed description of steps is not always clear from a list of reactants alone. Organic reactions can be organized into several basic types: Addition reactions (including hydrogenation reactions) Elimination reactions Substitution reactions Oxidation reactions Condensation reactions Reduction reaction Polymerization reactions Rearrangement reactions Some reactions fit into more than one category. For example, some substitution reactions follow an addition elimination pathway. Here are some common reactions that you may run into in a college organic chemistry course: addition.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, listed by year of award in ascending order. 1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions 1902 Hermann Emil Fischer for his work on sugar and purine syntheses 1903 Svante August Arrhenius for his electrolytic theory of dissociation (see ion) 1904 Sir William Ramsay for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air 1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds 1906 Henri Moissan for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the electric furnace called after him 1907 Eduard Buchner for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation 1908 Ernest.
List of chemistry topics - List of chemistry topics This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to chemistry. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Related Changes in the sidebar and on the bottom of the page. This list is not necessarily complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Aaron Klug -- Abichite -- Acetaldehyde -- Acetaminophen -- Acetic acid -- Acetone -- acetyl -- Acetylcholine --.
List of biochemistry topics - that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly. Also see: List of biochemists for people associated with biochemistry. List of biomolecules Biochemistry basic topics most basic biochemistry topics that should be covered in an encyclopedia, organized by topic. List of chemistry topics, Chemistry basic topics List of biology topics, Biology basic topics List of biochemistry topics ( Please do not delete self-link! ) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0, 1, 2 ... 5' and 3' end -- 7TM receptor A Acetyl CoA - Acetylcholine - Acetic acid - Acid - Actin - Action potential - Activation energy - Active.
Ketone - Ketone In organic chemistry, a ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. A ketone can be generally represented by the formula R1(CO)R2. Among the other oxygen-containing compounds, the fact that ketones feature a carbonyl carbon bonded to two carbon atoms distinguishes them from carboxylic acids, aldehydes, esters, and amides. The double-bonded nature of the carbonyl group distinguishes ketones from alcohols and ethers. The smallest ketone is acetone: Ketones are named by appending -one to the stem. Eg: butanone Oxidation of alcohol to create ketone Ketones can be created by oxidation of secondary alcohols. The process requires a strong oxidising agent such as potassium dichromate or other reageant containing Cr(VI)..
Kurt Alder - 1958) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Otto Paul Hermann Diels in 1950. Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte in Upper Silesia, now in Poland and known as Krolewska Huta, where he received his early schooling. Forced to leave the area for political reasons after the First World War, he studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922, and later at the University of Kiel where his PhD was awarded in 1926 for work supervised by Diels. In 1930 Alder was appointed reader for chemistry at Kiel, and promoted to lecturer in 1934. In 1936 he left Kiel to join I G Farben Industrie at Leverkusen, where he worked on synthetic rubber. Then in 1940 he was appointed Professor of.
J. H. van 't Hoff - 't Hoff (August 30, 1852 - March 1, 1911) was a Dutch physical and organic chemist, the winner of the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He was born in Rotterdam, the son of a medical doctor. From a young age he was interested in science, and against the wishes of his father he went to study chemistry, first at the Delft Polytechnical Institute, then at the University of Leiden, then to Bonn, Germany (where he studied with Friedrich Kekulé), then Paris (where he studied with C. A. Wurtz), and finally receiving his doctorate at the University of Utrecht in 1874. Before receiving his doctorate, however, Van 't Hoff already published the first of his important contributions to organic chemistry. He accounted for the phenomenon of optical activity by assuming that the.
