Functionalism (philosophy of mind) - Functionalism (philosophy of mind) Functionalism is a term in philosophy developed as an answer to the mind-body problem because of perceived lack of success exhibited by both identity theorists and logical behaviourists. Functionalism's explanation of consciousness, or the mental, is best understood when considering the analogy made by functionalists between the mind and the modern digital computer. More specifically, the analogy is made to the machine that the Church-Turing thesis posits which is capable of, in principle, computing almost any given algorithm (the algorithm must have certain limitations); namely the Turing machine. A Turing machine must possess certain characteristics: Data input (analogous to the senses in humans). Data output (analogous to both behaviour and memory). Functional states (analogous to mental states), The ability to move from one.
Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Dualism (philosophy of mind) In philosophy of mind, dualism is a set of beliefs which begin with the claim that mental events and physical events are totally different kinds of events. It is constrasted with varying kinds of monism, including materialism and phenomenalism. Dualism is one answer to the mind-body problem. Pluralism holds that there are even more kinds of events or "stuff" in the world. Note that other fields have their own meanings for "dualism". See dualism. Types of dualism Various kinds of dualism are distinguished based on if and how mind and matter are thought to causally interact. In dualistic interactionism (also Cartesian dualism, as it was Descartes' position), arguably the most popular and widespread version, mind events can cause physical events and vice versa..
Islamic philosophy - Islamic philosophy The idea of an Islamic philosophy dates from the appearance of dissenting sects in Islam. A century had hardly elapsed after the life of Muhammad (known as the sira) when religious schisms began to arise. This article is technical and theological, and requires some familiarity with philosophy. A more historical approach, for beginners, is at early Muslim philosophy. Also see modern Islamic philosophy for current trends in philosophy, ethics, science in the context of Islam in the Islamic World Independent minds exploiting the methods of ijtihad sought to investigate the doctrines of the Quran, which until then had been accepted in blind faith on the authority of divine revelation. The first independent protest was that of the Kadar (Arabic: kadara, to have power), whose partisans.
History of philosophy - History of philosophy Philosophy has a long history. Generally, philosophers divide the history of Western philosophy into ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, modern philosophy, and contemporary philosophy. Ancient Philosophy Western Philosophy is generally said to begin in the Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Ionia) with Thales of Miletus, who was active around 585 B.C. and left us the opaque dictum, "All is water." His most noted students were Anaximenes of Miletus and Anaximander ("All is air"). Other thinkers and schools appeared throughout Greece over the next couple of centuries. Among the most important were: Heraclitus, who stressed the transitory and chaotic nature of all things ("All is fire"; "We cannot step into the same river twice"). Anaxagoras, who conversely asserted that reality was so ordered that it.
Eastern philosophy - Eastern philosophy In the West, the term Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophical systems of East Asia. The development of the major Eastern philosophical traditions occurred primarily in India, China, and Japan. Most Western universities focus almost exclusively on Western philosophical traditions and ideas in their philosophy departments and courses. When one uses the unqualified term "philosophy" in a Western academic context, Eastern philosophies are generally overlooked; consequently, the term "Eastern philosophy" came into use. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Differences from Western Philosophy 1.1 Arguments Against the "Eastern Philosophy" Designation 1.2 Arguments For the "Eastern Philosophy" Designation 1.3 The Perception of God and the gods 1.4 Gods\' relationship with the Universe 1.5 The Role and Nature of the Individual 2 Philosophical Traditions 2.6.
Embodied philosophy - Embodied philosophy Embodied philosophy usually refers to a set of beliefs promoted by George Lakoff and the cast of characters with whom he has co-authored books (including Mark Turner, Mark Johnson, and Rafael Núñez), which suggest that the mind can only be well understood by taking into account the body and the more primitive underpinnings of the mind. See the Lakoff article for more information. The term also seems to be used occasionally by postmodernists..
Ancient philosophy - Ancient philosophy Ancient Philosophy -- Western. Pre-Socratic Philosophers: The history of Philosophy in the west begins with the Greeks, and particularly with a group of philosophers commonly called the pre-Socratics. This is not to say that there were not other pre-philosophical rumblings in Egyptian, Semitic, and Babylonian cultures. Certainly there were great thinkers and writers in each of these cultures, and there is evidence that some of the earliest Greek philosophers may have had contact with at least some of the products of Egyptian and Babylonian thought. However, the early Greek thinkers add at least one element which differentiates their thought from all those who came before them. For the first time in history, we discover in their writings something more than dogmatic assertions about the way.
Analytic philosophy - Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy is the dominant philosophical movement of English-speaking countries that began with Gottlob Frege at the turn of the twentieth-century and whose primary emphasis is on the analysis of language or meaning. It is characterized by its effort to clarify philosophical issues by analysis and logical rigor. Several lines of thought originate from the analytic philosophy tradition. These include: logical positivism, logical empiricism, logical atomism, logicism and ordinary language philosophy. The term "analytic philosophy" in part denotes the fact that most of this philosophy traces its roots to the movement of "logical analysis" at the beginning of the century; in part the term serves to distinguish "analytic" from other "kinds" of philosophy, especially "continental philosophy." The latter denotes mainly philosophy that has taken place.
Animal mind - Animal mind The question of animal minds asks whether it is necessary, or possible, to describe a non-human animal as having a mind. Discussion this subject is frequently confused by the fact that some schools of philosophy and psychology would question whether we need to, or should, ascribe mind to any human being other than ourselves (or even to ourselves). Such an approach (for example radical behaviorism) would naturally deny the existence of animal minds as well. However, if we accept that it is essential to talk about the minds of other humans, it remains an open question whether we can talk about animal minds in the same way. The answer obviously depends partly on how we define mind. In practice the debate focuses on a few.
Knowledge - an English alchemist and philosopher of the high middle ages, had this to say about knowledge: "Of the three ways in which men think that they acquire knowledge of things - authority, reasoning, and experience - only the last is effective and able to bring peace to the intellect." Thus knowledge might arise from authority, logic, or experience. Earlier Divine illumination by the grace of God was contrasted by the early Christian church with knowledge gained by reason such as practiced by classical philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Experimental knowledge was discounted, for example, by St. Augustine. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Specialized definitions 2 Distinguishing propositional knowledge from know-how 3 Quote 4 See also Specialized definitions Knowledge has several specialized definitions in the academic discipline of philosophy. These include:.
Korfball - the rest of the world too. Korfball differs from (most?) other team sports in that it is a mixed sex game. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 How to play 2 History 3 Philosophy of korfball 4 International korfball How to play Korfball is played indoors as well as outdoors on a pitch (called 'court'), divided into two halves called zones. In the middle of each zone there is a post (3.5m, shorter for the young) with a basket in the top. The ball is similar to the one used for football. There are two teams, each consisting of eight players: two men and two women of each team in each zone (attack and defence). Scoring is done by throwing the ball through the other team's basket. After two goals the teams.
Korean Buddhism - color of Buddhism, termed by its most important exponent Weonhyo (617-686) as Tongbulgyo ("interpenetrated Buddhism") remanifests itself in various forms in the works of one major Korean thinker after another throughout the history of the tradition. Being geographically contiguous with China, the history and development of culture on the Korean peninsula is strongly influenced by that of the continent, especially during earlier periods when Chinese culture was so advanced as compared with that of its neighbors. The transmission of Buddhism to Korea from China happened along with the importation of Chinese ideographic writing and various other currents of Chinese philosophy, as well as medicine, arts and societal customs. Korea was also the source of the initial Buddhist transmission into Japan, remaining in this role for several centuries. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide").
Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya - Calcutta University who studied one of the central questions of Hindu philosophy, which is how mind, life or consciousness creates an apparently material universe. His answer was that the question itself is illegitimate, because it is asked from a position anchored in maya (illusion). On attaining knowledge of Brahman, illusion drops away and there are no more questions. The last knowledge that an individual has as an individual is the knowledge that all this is mere illusion. Beyond that is only the blissful residing in Brahman. Until then, "why" is a matter of faith, not reason..
Kundalini Yoga - These are all indicative of an experience which is a legacy guaranteed to each of us. The key word here is experience. It's been said, "If you haven't experienced something it's not true." So, it's one thing to read endless books on philosophy, self-improvement, and spirituality; in fact this may constitute an important first step. The real results though, come to those who honestly work on themselves systematically and consciously. What Kundalini Yoga offers is a technology which can help you be the best that you can be. Many of us who have been practicing these techniques have seen that if you get everything covered, by bringing health and balance to your body, mind and being, then you will be covered; the Universe will underwrite your efforts. In other words, things.
Jainism - smallest of the 10 major world religions. There are 6000 Jain nuns, and 2500 Jain monks -- most of the nuns are members of the Shvetambara. (Fisher) In India, Jains are over-represented in positions of economic and political power; the global diamond market is dominated by Jain-owned corporations. Jains have been a significant force in Indian culture, contributing to Indian philosophy, art, architecture, sciences and last but not least the politics of Mohandas Gandhi which led to Indian independence. Jainism shares concepts with Hinduism and Buddhism, but is a separate religious path. As part of its stance on non-violence, Jainism goes beyond vegetarianism in that the Jain diet also excludes most root vegetables and certain other foods believed to be unnecessarily injurious. Observant Jains do not eat, drink or travel after.
James Mark Baldwin - at Princeton and several German universities. He was professor of philosophy in the university of Toronto (1889), of psychology at Princeton (1893), and subsequently (1903) of philosophy and psychology in Johns Hopkins University. Prominent among experimental psychologists, he was one of the founders of the Psychological Review. In 1892 he was vice-president of the litternational Congress of Psychology held in London, and in 1897—1898 president of the American Psychological Association; he received a gold medal from the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences of Denmark (1897), was honorary president of the International Congress of Criminal Anthropology held in Geneva in 1896, and was made an honorary D.Sc. of Oxford University. Apart from articles in the Psychological Review, he has written: Handbook of Psychology (1890), translation of Ribot’s, German Psychology of To-day.
Japanese proverbs - phenomena. Some are from the Go game and Buddhism and many four-character phrases are from Chinese philosophy. The heavy employment of proverbs enables Japanese language to be compact, quick and simple. Evidence might be found in Japanese animation and Japanese comics or manga. The huge popularity in instant messaging by cellular phones can be due to this. Among them are: 挨拶は時の氏神 (Aisatsu ha tokino ujigami) -- (lit. Warm greetings to God, the Emperor of our time.) 秋茄子は嫁に食わすな (Akinasu ha yome ni kuwasuna) -- (lit. Don't get fall-harvest eggplant (nasu) to your son's wife) 悪妻は百年の不作 (Akusai ha hyaku-nen no fusaku) -- (lit. a bad wife is one hundred years of bad harvest) あまり物には福がある (Amarimono niha fuku ga aru) -- (lit. fortunes exist among leftovers) 案ずるより生むが易し (Anjiru yori umu ga yasushi) -- (lit..
James Mill - probably his first published notice of Bentham. In 1811 he co-operated with William Allen (1770-1843), quaker and chemist, in a periodical called the Philanthropist. He contributed largely to every number--his principal topics being Education, Freedom of the Press, and Prison Discipline (under which he expounded Bentham's "Panopticon"). He made powerful onslaughts on the Church in connexion with the Bell and Lancaster controversy, and took a prominent part in the discussions which led to the foundation of London University in 1825. In 1814 he wrote a number of articles, containing an exposition of utilitarianism, for the supplement to the fifth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the most important being those on "Jurisprudence," "Prisons" and "Government." In 1818 the History of India was published, and obtained a great and immediate success. It brought.
James Anthony Froude - later in his Nemesis of Faith, of which the earlier part seems to be autobiographical. At the college's request, he resigned his fellowship at Oxford, and mainly supported himself by writing, contributing largely to Fraser's Magazine and the Westminster Review. His talent was soon generally recognized. The first two volumes of his History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada appeared in 1856, and the work was completed in 1870. As an historian he is chiefly remarkable for his literary style. He condemns a scientific treatment of history and disregards its philosophy. He held that its purpose was simply to record human actions and that it should be written as a drama. Accordingly he gives prominence to the personal element in history. His presentations.
James McCosh - became a minister of the Established Church of Scotland, first at Arbroath and then at Brechin, and took part in the Free Church movement of 1843. In 1852 he was appointed professor of logic and metaphysics in Queen's College, Belfast; and in 1868 was chosen president and professor of philosophy of the college of Princeton University. He resigned the presidency in 1888, but continued as lecturer on philosophy till his death. He was most successful in college administration, a good lecturer and an effective preacher. His general philosophical attitude and method were Hamiltonian; he insisted on separating religious and philosophical data from the merely physical, and though not an original thinker, he clearly restated and used the conclusions of others. In his controversial writings, he often failed to understand the real.
