Jewish philosophy - Jewish philosophy Jewish Philosophy is the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. Early Jewish philosophy was heavilly influenced by the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and Islamic philosophy. Many early medieval Jewish philosophers (700s to 1000 CE) were especially influenced by the Islamic Motazilites; they denied all limiting attributes of God and were champions of God's unity and justice). Over time Aristotle came to be thought of as the philosopher par excellence among Jewish thinkers thinkers. This tendency toward Aristotle was no less marked in the Islamic, the Christian Byzantine and the Latin-Christian schools of thought. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Karaite philosophy 2 Avicebron, Solomon ibn Gabirol 3 Jewish Mysticism, Kabbalah 4 Saadia Gaon 5 The anti-philosophy of the Kuzari 6 The rise of.
Islamic philosophy - Islamic philosophy The idea of an Islamic philosophy dates from the appearance of dissenting sects in Islam. A century had hardly elapsed after the life of Muhammad (known as the sira) when religious schisms began to arise. This article is technical and theological, and requires some familiarity with philosophy. A more historical approach, for beginners, is at early Muslim philosophy. Also see modern Islamic philosophy for current trends in philosophy, ethics, science in the context of Islam in the Islamic World Independent minds exploiting the methods of ijtihad sought to investigate the doctrines of the Quran, which until then had been accepted in blind faith on the authority of divine revelation. The first independent protest was that of the Kadar (Arabic: kadara, to have power), whose partisans.
History of philosophy - History of philosophy Philosophy has a long history. Generally, philosophers divide the history of Western philosophy into ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, modern philosophy, and contemporary philosophy. Ancient Philosophy Western Philosophy is generally said to begin in the Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Ionia) with Thales of Miletus, who was active around 585 B.C. and left us the opaque dictum, "All is water." His most noted students were Anaximenes of Miletus and Anaximander ("All is air"). Other thinkers and schools appeared throughout Greece over the next couple of centuries. Among the most important were: Heraclitus, who stressed the transitory and chaotic nature of all things ("All is fire"; "We cannot step into the same river twice"). Anaxagoras, who conversely asserted that reality was so ordered that it.
Futurism (philosophy) - Futurism (philosophy) Futurism is a term referring to writers of speculative fiction, scientists, and philosophers who propose and promote alternative technologically-advanced lifestyles based on the latest scientific discoveries. They tend to share interests in life extension, artificial intelligence, robotics, cryonics, the search for extraterrestrial life, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology all as means to enhance human evolution. As a result, many contemporary futurists call themselves "transhumanists." Futurists often confront traditional ethical systems based on religion. See also: Robert Anton Wilson Buckminster Fuller The Futurians Modernity Technological singularity Vernor Vinge.
Eastern philosophy - Eastern philosophy In the West, the term Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophical systems of East Asia. The development of the major Eastern philosophical traditions occurred primarily in India, China, and Japan. Most Western universities focus almost exclusively on Western philosophical traditions and ideas in their philosophy departments and courses. When one uses the unqualified term "philosophy" in a Western academic context, Eastern philosophies are generally overlooked; consequently, the term "Eastern philosophy" came into use. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Differences from Western Philosophy 1.1 Arguments Against the "Eastern Philosophy" Designation 1.2 Arguments For the "Eastern Philosophy" Designation 1.3 The Perception of God and the gods 1.4 Gods\' relationship with the Universe 1.5 The Role and Nature of the Individual 2 Philosophical Traditions 2.6.
Early Muslim philosophy - Early Muslim philosophy Early Muslim philosophy can be starkly divided into four clear sets of influences: First, the life of Muhammad or sira which generated both the Qur'an (revelation) and hadith (his daily utterances and discourses on social and legal matters), during which philosophy was defined by acceptance or rejection of his message. Together the sira and hadith constitute the sunnah and are validated by isnah ("backing") to determine the likely truth of the report of any given saying of Muhammad. Key figures are Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Trimidhi, Ibn Majah, Abu Dawud and An-Nisai. Each sifted through literally millions of hadith to accept a list of under 10,000. This work, which was not completed until the 10th century, began shortly after The Farewell Sermon in 631, after.
Ethics in religion - Ethics in religion Ethics in religion Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with right and wrong in human behaviour. Although it involves the application of human reason, it is not a science. All religions have a moral component, and religious approaches to the problem of ethics historically dominated ethics over secular approaches. From the point of view of theistic religions, to the extent that ethics stems from revealed truth from divine sources, ethics is studied as a branch of theology. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Greek and Roman religious ethics 2 Ethics in the Bible 3 Jewish ethics 4 Ethics in the Apocrypha 5 Christian ethics 5.1 Criticism of Christian ethics 6 Hindu ethics 7 Buddhist ethics 7.2 Criticism of Buddhist Ethics 8 Chinese traditional ethics.
Alt.religion.scientology - Alt.religion.scientology The newsgroup alt.religion.scientology (often abbreviated a.r.s) is a Usenet newsgroup started in 1991 to discuss the controversial philosophy known as Scientology, as well as the Church of Scientology, which claims exclusive intellectual property rights thereto and is viewed by some as a dangerous cult. A.r.s has become the focal point of a violent, aggressive battle known as Scientology vs. the Internet, which has taken place both online and in the courts. The online "war" first came to the attention of Internet users in general when Scientology lawyer Helena Kobrin attempted to remove the entire newsgroup from Usenet. In January of 1995, a rmgroup message (a command designed to remove a newsgroup) was posted to Usenet containing the following statement: "We request that you remove the alt.religion.scientology.
Kai Nielsen - Nielsen Kai Nielsen is an adjunct professor of philosophy at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He specializes in philosophy of religion and is leading advocate of contemporary, atheist philosophy. See: Arguments against the existence of God.
Karl Schwarz - a preacher, and as the writer of a number of popular works (parables, romances, etc.) under the pseudonym "Theodor Melas". Karl Schwarz studied theology and philosophy at Halle, and afterwards at Bonn (1831) and Berlin (1832-1834). At Berlin he came under the influence of Schleiermacher and Georg Hegel, whose influences are seen in his work Das Wesen der Religion (1847). In 1837 he was imprisoned for six months on account of his advanced political opinions. After his release he helped (from 1838) with the Hallische Jahrbücher. From 1843 to 1845 he lectured at Halle, and was then suspended by the government. In 1849, however, he was appointed professor extraordinarius, and later received a number of distinctions (in 1858 chief court preacher, etc.). Schwarz took an important part in the founding and.
Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel - definitely stated. Here also he wrote Lucinde (1799), an unfinished romance, which is interesting as an attempt to transfer to practical ethics the Romantic demand for complete individual freedom, and Alarcos, a tragedy (1802) in which, without much success, he combined romantic and classical elements. In 1802 he went to Paris, where he edited the review Europa (1803), lectured on philosophy and carried on Oriental studies, some results of which he embodied in an epoch-making book, Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier (1808). In the same year in which this work appeared, he and his wife Dorothea (1763-1839), a daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, joined the Roman Catholic Church, and from this time he became more and more opposed to the principles of political and religious freedom. He went to Vienna.
Korean Buddhism - color of Buddhism, termed by its most important exponent Weonhyo (617-686) as Tongbulgyo ("interpenetrated Buddhism") remanifests itself in various forms in the works of one major Korean thinker after another throughout the history of the tradition. Being geographically contiguous with China, the history and development of culture on the Korean peninsula is strongly influenced by that of the continent, especially during earlier periods when Chinese culture was so advanced as compared with that of its neighbors. The transmission of Buddhism to Korea from China happened along with the importation of Chinese ideographic writing and various other currents of Chinese philosophy, as well as medicine, arts and societal customs. Korea was also the source of the initial Buddhist transmission into Japan, remaining in this role for several centuries. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide").
Kuzari - of a dialogue between the pagan king of the Khazars and a Jew who had been invited to instruct him in the tenets of the Jewish religion. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Introduction 2 "Creatio ex Nihilo" 3 Superiority of his faith 4 Question of Attributes 5 Names of God 6 Arguments Against Philosophy 7 Influence of the Kuzari 8 The "Kuzari Principle" 9 External Links Introduction After a short account of the incidents preceding the conversion of the king, and of the conversations of the latter with a philosopher, a Christian, and a Muslim concerning their respective beliefs, a Jewish person appears on the stage, and by his first statement startles the king; for, instead of giving him proofs of the existence of God, he asserts and explains the miracles.
Jainism - Jainism Jainism (Jaina) is an Indian religion based, most immediately, upon the teachings of Mahavira (599-527 BC); but, according to many Jains, the religion was founded by Rishabhadeva (c.1500 BC). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview of Jainism 1.1 Digambaras and Svetambaras 2 Jain cosmology 3 Beliefs and practices 3.2 Jain Prayer 4 References Overview of Jainism Beginning as a Hindu reform movement, Jainism became as an independent religion by the 6th century BC. The primary historical figures of Jainism are the Tirthankaras. Jainism has three main variants: Digambara, Shvetambara, and Sthanakavasis. Jains believe in ahimsa, asceticism, karma, samsara, and the jiva; their primary scripture is the Siddhanta. At 6 million adherents, Jainism is the smallest of the 10 major world religions. There are 6000 Jain nuns, and 2500 Jain.
Jacques Derrida - of reading texts. He has had a significant effect on literary theory and on some areas of philosophy. His work is associated with postmodernism and post-structuralism, and is influenced among others by Emmanuel Levinas, Maurice Blanchot and Martin Heidegger. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Life 2 Work 3 See also 4 External Links Life From 1960 to 1964, Derrida taught philosophy at the Sorbonne. From 1964 to 1984, he taught at the École Normale Superieure. He is currently director of the École des Hautes Études en Science Sociales in Paris. Since 1986 he has been Professor of Philosophy, French and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Irvine. Some of his most famous works include Speech and Phenomena, Of Grammatology, and Writing and Difference. Work Derrida's earliest work was in phenomenology..
James Martineau - for state school. He was sent to Bristol to the private academy of Dr Lant Carpenter, under whom he studied for two years. On leaving he was apprenticed to a civil engineer at Derby, where he acquired "a store of exclusively scientific conceptions," but also began to look to religion for mental stimulation. His "conversion" followed, and in 1822 he entered Manchester College, then at York. Here he "woke up to the interest of moral and metaphysical speculations." Of his teachers, one, the Rev. Charles Wellbeloved, was, Martineau said, "a master of the true Lardner type, candid and catholic, simple and thorough, humanly fond indeed of the counsels of peace, but piously serving every bidding of sacred truth." The other, the Rev. John Kenrick, he described as a man so learned.
Jewish eschatology - that of King Solomon. His great righteousness and the wonders that he will bring about will cause all peoples to make peace with him and all lands to serve him.... Nothing will change in the Messianic age, however, except that Jews will regain their independence. Rich and poor, strong and weak, will still exist. However it will be very easy for people to make a living, and with very little effort they will be able to accomplish very much.... it will be a time when the number of wise men will increase...war shall not exist, and nation shall no longer lift up sword against nation.... The Messianic age will be highlighted by a community of the righteous and dominated by goodness and wisdom. It will be ruled by the Messiah, a.
Jewish principles of faith - God. The prayer par excellence in terms of defining God is the ''Shema Yisrael'\', "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One", also translated as "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is unique/alone." God is conceived of as eternal, the creator of the universe, and the source of morality. God has the power to intervene in the world. The term God thus corresponds to an actual ontological reality, and is not merely a projection of the human psyche. Maimonides describes God in this fashion: "There is a Being, perfect in every possible way, who is the ultimate cause of all existence. All existence depends on God and is derived from God." The Hebrew Bible and classical rabbinic literature affirm theism and reject deism..
Jewish views of religious pluralism - Arab groups 4 Intra-religious pluralism 5 References Classical Jewish views The Jewish belief that only their religion was wholly true did not preclude a belief that God has a relationship with other peoples. Instead, Judaism held that God had entered into a covenant with all mankind, and that any person had the ability to have a relationship with God, even if they were not a Jew. The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible, Old Testament) speaks of prophets outside the community of Israel. Jews believe that God chose the Jewish people to be in a unique covenant with God; the description of this covenant is the Torah itself. Contrary to popular belief, Jewish people never simply say that "God chose the Jews." This claim exists nowhere in the Tanakh (the Jewish Bible) or the.
Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire - with a well-defined liberty, equality and fraternity. This new propagandism was denounced from Rome in an encyclical. In the meantime Lacordaire and Montalembert, believing that, under the charter of 1830, they were entitled to liberty of instruction, opened an independent free school. It closed in two days, and the teachers were fined by the court of peers. Lacordaire accepted the setback with quiet dignity; but they brought his relationship with Lamennais to a close. He now began the course of Christian conferences at the College Stanislas, which attracted the art and intellect of Paris; he went on to Nôtre Dame de Paris, and for two years his sermons were the delight of the capital. He still preached the gospel of the people's sovereignty in civil life and the pope's supremacy in.
