Jewish philosophy - Jewish philosophy Jewish Philosophy is the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. Early Jewish philosophy was heavilly influenced by the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and Islamic philosophy. Many early medieval Jewish philosophers (700s to 1000 CE) were especially influenced by the Islamic Motazilites; they denied all limiting attributes of God and were champions of God's unity and justice). Over time Aristotle came to be thought of as the philosopher par excellence among Jewish thinkers thinkers. This tendency toward Aristotle was no less marked in the Islamic, the Christian Byzantine and the Latin-Christian schools of thought. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Karaite philosophy 2 Avicebron, Solomon ibn Gabirol 3 Jewish Mysticism, Kabbalah 4 Saadia Gaon 5 The anti-philosophy of the Kuzari 6 The rise of.
Islamic philosophy - Islamic philosophy The idea of an Islamic philosophy dates from the appearance of dissenting sects in Islam. A century had hardly elapsed after the life of Muhammad (known as the sira) when religious schisms began to arise. This article is technical and theological, and requires some familiarity with philosophy. A more historical approach, for beginners, is at early Muslim philosophy. Also see modern Islamic philosophy for current trends in philosophy, ethics, science in the context of Islam in the Islamic World Independent minds exploiting the methods of ijtihad sought to investigate the doctrines of the Quran, which until then had been accepted in blind faith on the authority of divine revelation. The first independent protest was that of the Kadar (Arabic: kadara, to have power), whose partisans.
Islamic science - Islamic science Islamic science is science in the context of Islam, its ethics and prohibitions. This is not the same as science as conducted by any Muslim in a secular context. The scientific method in its modern form arguably developed in early Muslim philosophy, in particular, citation ("isnad"), peer review and open inquiry leading to development of consensus ("ijma" via "ijtihad"), and a general belief that knowledge reveals nature honestly. During the middle ages, the advances in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, engineering, and many other fields were evidence that Islamic civilization had mastered science and technology. During this time Islamic philosophy developed and was often pivotal in scientific debates - key figures were usually scientists and philosophers. With the fall of Muslim Spain in 1492, scientific and technological.
History of philosophy - History of philosophy Philosophy has a long history. Generally, philosophers divide the history of Western philosophy into ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, modern philosophy, and contemporary philosophy. Ancient Philosophy Western Philosophy is generally said to begin in the Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Ionia) with Thales of Miletus, who was active around 585 B.C. and left us the opaque dictum, "All is water." His most noted students were Anaximenes of Miletus and Anaximander ("All is air"). Other thinkers and schools appeared throughout Greece over the next couple of centuries. Among the most important were: Heraclitus, who stressed the transitory and chaotic nature of all things ("All is fire"; "We cannot step into the same river twice"). Anaxagoras, who conversely asserted that reality was so ordered that it.
History of science and technology - History of science and technology The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanity's understanding of science and technology has changed over the millennia, and how this understanding has allowed us to generate new technologies. This field of history also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation. The advent of modern mathematical science is generally believed to have begun with the Hellenic Pythagoreans; although, it would probably be a mistake to believe that modern science was a "Greek invention". Rather, the Greek influence on mathematics and scientific investigation has been better documented than the contributions of other ancient civilizations. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Challenge to Orthodoxy 2 Contribution to knowledge 3 Major areas/Sub-fields 3.1 Science 3.2.
Gaia philosophy - Gaia philosophy Gaia philosophy is a broadly inclusive term for related concepts that living organisms on a planet will affect the nature of their environment -- to make it more suitable for life. This set of theories holds that all organisms on a planet regulate the biosphere to the benefit of the whole. The Gaia concept draws a connection between the survivability of a species, (hence its evolutionary course) and their usefulness to the survival of other species. While there were a number of precursors to Gaia theory, the first scientific form of this idea was proposed as the Gaia Hypothesis by James Lovelock, a U.K. chemist, in 1970. The Gaia hypothesis deals with the concept of homeostasis, and claim the resident life forms of a host.
Georgian Academy of Sciences - cultures), Nikoloz Muskhelishvili (mathematics, mechanics), Akaki Shanidze (linguistics), Alexander Tvalchrelidze (mineralogy), Dimitri Uznadze (psychology), Kiriak Zavriev (constructive mechanics) and Philip Zaitsev (zoology). Other outstanding members of the Academy were: Ekvtime Takaishvili (history), Shalva Nutsubidze (philosophy), Giorgi Tsereteli (oriental studies), Ilia Vekua (mathematics), Simon Kaukhchishvili (classical philology), Konstantine Gamsakhurdia (literature), Elephter Andronikashvili (physics), Sergo Durmishidze (biochemistry), Giorgi Melikishvili (history), Nikoloz Berdzenishvili (history), Victor Kupradze (mathematics), Givi Khutsishvili (physics), Revaz Dogonadze (physics), Andria Bitsadze (mathematics), Giorgi Dzotsenidze (geology), Evgeni Kharadze (astronomy), etc. Presidents of the Georgian Academy of Sciences: Nikoloz Muskhelishvili in 1941-1972, Ilia Vekua in 1972-1977, Evgeni Kharadze in 1977-1986. Since 1986 President of the Academy is Academician Albert Tavkhelidze. GAS is admitted as National Scientific Associate of the International Council for Science (ICSU, France). External Links Official Web Site of the.
Greek philosophy - Greek philosophy Classical (or "early") Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. In many ways it paved the way both to modern science and to modern philosophy. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from early Greek philosophers, through early Muslim philosophy to the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the secular sciences of the modern day. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pre-Socratic Philosophers 2 Socrates 3 Plato 4 Aristotle 5 Later Classical philosophers 6 The Neo-Platonists 7 Schools of thought in the Hellenistic period Pre-Socratic Philosophers The history of philosophy in the west begins with the Greeks, and particularly with a group of philosophers commonly called the pre-Socratics. This is not to deny the occurrence of other pre-philosophical rumblings in Egyptian, Semitic and Babylonian cultures. Certainly.
Five laws of library science - Five laws of library science S. R. Ranganathan, considered by librarians all over the world to be the father of library science, proposed five laws of library science. Most librarians accept them as the foundations of their philosophy: These laws are: Books are for use. Every reader his or her book. Every book its reader. Save the time of the reader. A Library is a growing organism. These laws may seem simplistic, but they are not so! They express a simple, crystal-clear vision of what librarianship ought to be. Nowadays, these laws are being mapped and reintepreted for the digital age..
University of Copenhagen Institute for Mathematical Sciences - Sciences The Institute For Mathematical Sciences is an institute under the Faculty of Science at the University of Copenhagen. The institute exists in the E building of the Hans Christian Ørsted Institute at Universitetsparken 5 in Copenhagen. From the founding of the University of Copenhagen in 1479, mathematics had been part of the Faculty of Philosophy. In 1850 it was moved to the new faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The Institute for Mathematical Sciences was first created in 1934 beside the Niels Bohr Institute building, when Carlsbergfondet donated money for a building in celebration of the 450 year anniversity of the University of Copenhagen in 1929. In 1963 the institute moved to it's current location..
University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science - University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science The Faculty of Science (Det naturvidenskabelige fakultet in Danish) at the University of Copenhagen consists of both mathematical and natural sciences, and is divided into 15 institutes including the Botanical, the Geological and the Zoological Museum and the Botanical Garden. Some institutes are in turn divided into a number of sections and laboratories, and the faculty also encompasses several national and international research centres, and has a number of field stations in Denmark and in Greenland, among them the Arctic Station in central West Greenland. All institutes are situated in the central part of Copenhagen. The fine old building of the former Astronomical Observatory - 3 Øster Voldgade - now houses the Faculty Administration. The Faculty of Science is a big and living.
Early Muslim philosophy - Early Muslim philosophy Early Muslim philosophy can be starkly divided into four clear sets of influences: First, the life of Muhammad or sira which generated both the Qur'an (revelation) and hadith (his daily utterances and discourses on social and legal matters), during which philosophy was defined by acceptance or rejection of his message. Together the sira and hadith constitute the sunnah and are validated by isnah ("backing") to determine the likely truth of the report of any given saying of Muhammad. Key figures are Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Trimidhi, Ibn Majah, Abu Dawud and An-Nisai. Each sifted through literally millions of hadith to accept a list of under 10,000. This work, which was not completed until the 10th century, began shortly after The Farewell Sermon in 631, after.
Karlheinz Brandenburg - audio compression scheme MPEG Audio Layer 3, more commonly known as MP3. 1980 Master of Science in Electrical engineering 1982 Master of Science in Mathematics 1989 Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical engineering 1989 - 1990 worked at AT&T Bell Labs, USA 1990 returned to Erlangen to research on audio coding techniques 1993 appointed head at the Fraunhofer Institute für Integrierte Schaltungen (Fraunhofer IIS-A) He also authored a book called Applications of Digital Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics. He currently holds 24 different patents on audio coding techniques, with several more pending..
Karl Jaspers - psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry and philosophy. Biography Jaspers was born in Oldenburg in 1883 to a mother from a local farming community and a father who was a jurist. He showed an early interest in philosophy although his father's experience with the legal system undoubtedly influenced his decision to study law at university. It soon became clear that law was not something Jaspers particularly enjoyed and he switched to studying medicine in 1902. Jaspers graduated from medical school in 1909 and began work at a psychiatric hospital in Heidelberg, where Emil Kraepelin had worked some years earlier. Jaspers became dissatisfied with the way the medical community of the time approached the study of mental illness and set himself the task of improving the.
Kim Stanley Robinson - initially identified as a leading member of the "humanist", or literary, camp of science fiction authors in the 1980s, but whose Mars trilogy is a solid example of hard science fiction. His fiction frequently delves into ecological and utopian themes with a political sophistication and point of view rarely seen elsewhere in the field. The utopian novels Robinson's utopias are strikingly different in that the society portrayed is dynamic and subject to flaws and outside pressures, rather than the static perfection displayed in more classic utopias, in which literary values take a back seat to the political argument. His utopian novels include the Three Californias trilogy, which consists of the post-disaster novel The Wild Shore (1984, his first), the future dystopia The Gold Coast (1988), and the "ecotopia" Pacific Edge (1990);.
Kievan Rus' - Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. He built the first great edifice of Kievan Rus', the Desyatinnaya Church in Kiev. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Rus'ka pravda (Justice of Rus'); built cathedrals named for St. Sophia in Kiev and Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed Kiev's great Peshcherskiy monastyr' (Monastery of the Caves), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy. The Russian annals state that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the tradition idol-worship of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. After visiting the Catholics, the Jews and the Muslims, they finally arrived.
Knowledge - an English alchemist and philosopher of the high middle ages, had this to say about knowledge: "Of the three ways in which men think that they acquire knowledge of things - authority, reasoning, and experience - only the last is effective and able to bring peace to the intellect." Thus knowledge might arise from authority, logic, or experience. Earlier Divine illumination by the grace of God was contrasted by the early Christian church with knowledge gained by reason such as practiced by classical philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Experimental knowledge was discounted, for example, by St. Augustine. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Specialized definitions 2 Distinguishing propositional knowledge from know-how 3 Quote 4 See also Specialized definitions Knowledge has several specialized definitions in the academic discipline of philosophy. These include:.
Kurt Gödel - in learning languages he later became more fond of history and mathematics. His interest in mathematics increased when in 1920 his older brother Rudolf (born 1902) left for Vienna to go to Medical School at the University of Vienna (UV). Already during his teens Kurt studied Gabelsberger shorthand, Goethe's theory of colors and criticisms of Isaac Newton, and the writings of Kant. Studying in Vienna At the age of 18 Kurt joined his brother Rudolf in Vienna and entered the UV. By that time he had already mastered university-level mathematics. Although initially intending to study theoretical physics he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy. During this time he adopted ideas of mathematical realism. He read Kant's Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft, and participated in the Vienna Circle with Moritz Schlick, Hans.
Vedanta - end portion of the Vedas) is a branch of Hindu philosophy which focusses on the reading, and analytically interpreting the ancient Vedic writings, especially the Aranyakas and Upanishads. Vedanta is the essence of the Vedas. Various branches of Vedanta exist, each branch choosing to interpret the codified scriptures in its own way. The most important and popular Vedantic branch is the Advaita (ad- not, dwaita- two; meaning non-duality). This branch was popularized by the Hindu philosopher Shankara. (c. 800 AD). In Advaita, the universe is a singular entity, and the divisions people see between discrete objects in the world are results of ignorance of the true nature of reality. This true nature, Shankara claimed, is identical with Brahman, which/who transcends time and space. While in this ignorant state, a being will.
Kuzari - him in the tenets of the Jewish religion. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Introduction 2 "Creatio ex Nihilo" 3 Superiority of his faith 4 Question of Attributes 5 Names of God 6 Arguments Against Philosophy 7 Influence of the Kuzari 8 The "Kuzari Principle" 9 External Links Introduction After a short account of the incidents preceding the conversion of the king, and of the conversations of the latter with a philosopher, a Christian, and a Muslim concerning their respective beliefs, a Jewish person appears on the stage, and by his first statement startles the king; for, instead of giving him proofs of the existence of God, he asserts and explains the miracles performed by Him in favor of the Israelites. The king expresses his astonishment at this exordium, which seems to.
