Pope Innocent VI - Pope Innocent VI Innocent VI, Stephen Aubert, pope at Avignon from 1352 to 1362, the successor of Clement VI, was a native of the diocese of Limoges, and, after having taught civil law at Toulouse, became bishop successively of Noyon and of Clermont. In 1342 he was raised to the dignity of cardinal. On the death of Clement VI, after the cardinals had each bound himself by a solemn agreement as to a particular line of policy should he be elected, Aubert was chosen (December 18, 1352); one of the first acts of his pontificate was to declare the paction to have been illegal and null. His subsequent policy compares favourably with that of the other Avignon popes. He brought about many needed reforms in the.
Pope Innocent VII - Pope Innocent VII Innocent VII, Cosimo de' Migliorati (ca 1336 - 1406) was briefly pope at Rome, from 1404 to 1406, during the Western Schism while there was a rival pope, Benedict XIII (1394-1423), at Avignon. Migliorati came from a simple family in the small town of Sulmona in the Abruzzi. He distinguished himself by his learning in both civil and canon law, which he taught for a time at Perugia and Padua. His teacher Lignano sponsored him at Rome, where Urban VI took him into the Curia, sent him for ten years as papal collector to England, made him bishop of Bologna (1386) and archbishop of Ravenna (1387). Boniface IX made him cardinal, and employed him as legate in several delicate and important missions. When.
Pope Innocent VIII - Pope Innocent VIII Innocent VIII (1432 – July 25, 1492), Giovanni Battista Cibo, pope from 1484 to 1492, was born at Genoa, and was the son of a man of senatorial rank. His early years were spent at the Neapolitan court, and subsequently he went to Padua and Rome for his education. In the latter city the influence of his friends procured for him, from Paul II the bishopric of Savona, and in 1473 he was made cardinal by Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded on August 29, 1484. Shortly after his coronation he addressed a fruitless summons to Christendom to unite in a crusade against the infidels; the amount of his own zeal may in some degree be estimated from the fact that in 1489, in.
Pope Alexander VI - Pope Alexander VI Alexander VI, (January 1, 1431 - August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), born Rodrigo Borgia (1431), is the most memorable of the corrupt and secular popes of the Renaissance. He was born at Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain, and his father's surname was Lanzol or Llancol; that of his mother's family, Borgia or Borja, was assumed by him on the elevation of his maternal uncle to the papacy as Callixtus III (April 8, 1455). He studied law at Bologna, and after his uncle's election he was created successively bishop, cardinal and vice-chancellor of the church, an act of nepotism characteristic of the age. He served in the Curia under five popes and acquired much administrative experience, influence and wealth, although no great power; he was economical.
Pope Clement VI - Pope Clement VI Clement VI, pope (1342-1352), (Pierre Roger, archbishop of Rouen, France), the fourth of the Avignon popes, was elected in May 1342. Like his immediate predecessors, he was devoted to France, and he further evinced his French sympathies by refusing a solemn invitation to return to Rome, and by purchasing the sovereignty of Avignon from Joanna, queen of Naples, for 80,000 crowns. The money was never paid, but Clement may have deemed that he gave the queen a full equivalent by absolving her from the murder of her husband. The other chief incidents of his pontificate were his disputes with Edward III of England on account of the latter's encroachments on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, his excommunication of the Emperor Louis of Bavaria, his negotiations for.
Pope Innocent III - Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III (born Lotario de Conti, 1161 - 1216) was Pope from January 8, 1198 until his death. He was the son of Count Trasimund of Segni and nephew of Pope Clement III, born at Anagni, Italy. His father was a member of the famous house of Conti, from which nine popes, including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII have sprung; his mother, Claricia, belonged to the noble Roman family of Scotti. He was educated in Rome, Paris (under Peter of Corbeil), and Bologna (under Huguccio), he was considered an intellectual and one of the greatest canon lawyers of his time. After the death of Pope Alexander III he returned to Rome and held offices during the short reigns of Lucius.
Avignon - of Vaucluse, about 400 miles south-south-east of Paris, and 50 miles north-north-west of Marseille. It became the residence of the Pope in 1309, at which time it was under the rule of the kings of Sicily (the house of Anjou); in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought it from Queen Joanna I of Sicily for 80,000 gold gulden, and it remained a papal possession till 1791, when, during the disorders of the French Revolution, it was incorporated with France. Seven popes resided there: Pope Clement V Pope John XXII Pope Benedict XII Pope Clement VI Pope Innocent VI Pope Urban V Pope Gregory XI This period from 1309-1377 was also called the Babylonian Captivity of the popes. The antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII continued to reside there, the former during his.
Avignon Papacy - period in the history of the Roman Catholic Church from 1305 to 1375 when the seat of the Pope was moved from Rome to Avignon. The period has been called the "Babylonian Captivity" (or "Babylonish Captivity") of the Popes (or the Church), particularly by Martin Luther but also by many Catholic writers. This nick-name is polemical, in that it refers to the claim by critics that the fabulous prosperity of the church at this time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the Papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the Frankish emperor. Coincidentally, the "captivity" of the popes at Avignon lasted around the same duration as the exile of the Jews in Babylon, making the analogy all the more.
Pope Alexander V - Pope Alexander V Alexander V (Peter Philarges c.1339 - May 3, 1410), pope from June 26, 1409 until his death. He was born in Crete of unknown parents and entered the Franciscan order. His abilities were such that he was sent to study at the universities of Oxford and Paris (Sorbonne), while in Paris the Great Schism (1378-1417) occurred, Philarges supported Urban VI. He settled in Lombardy, where, thanks to the favour of Giangaleazzo Visconti the Duke of Milan, he became bishop, first of Piacenza (1386), then of Vincenza (1387), then of Novara (1389), and finally archbishop of Milan (1402). On being created cardinal by Innocent VII in 1405 he devoted all his energies to the re-union of the church, in spite of the two rival.
Pope Martin V - Pope Martin V Martin V (Otto di Colonna), pope from 1417 to 1431, was elected on St Martin's day at the Council of Constance by a conclave consisting of twenty-three cardinals and thirty delegates of the council, which after deposing John XXIII, had long experienced much perplexity from the conflicting claims of Gregory XII and Benedict XIII. This election effectively ended the Great Schism of the West. The son of Agapito Colonna and Caterina Conti, born about 1368, he belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished families of Rome, became apostolic protonotary under Urban VI, was created cardinal-deacon by Innocent VII, and in 1410 was the delegate of Alexander V to hear the appeal which had been taken in that year to the Papacy.
Pope Benedict XIII - Pope Benedict XIII Pope Benedict XIII Two men have used this title: 1. Pedro de Luna, antipope, a Spaniard, who was chosen by the French cardinals on the death of Clement VII in 1394. On the death of Urban VI in 1389 the Italian cardinals had chosen Boniface IX; the election of Benedict therefore perpetuated the Great Schism. The greater portion of the church refused to recognze him, and in 1397 the French church, which had supported him, withdrew from allegiance to both popes, and in 1398 Benedict was imprisoned in his own palace at Avignon. The Council of Constance brought this state of matters to an end. Benedict abdicated in 1417, but was recognised by Scotland and Spain until his death in 1424. 2. Benedict.
Pope John Paul I - Pope John Paul I Pope John Paul I on the papal throne ''Luciani's official portrait shows his own lack of preparedness for his election; a cheap silver pectoral cross, not the standard golden cross worn by popes and his uncut hair, clumsily brushed back. Papabile Cardinals enter conclaves carefully groomed in case they are elected. Pope John Paul I, Albino Luciani (October 17, 1912 - September 28, 1978), was elected pope on August 26 1978 and died 33 days later on 28 September 1978, after one of the shortest reigns in papal history. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Personal background 2 The first Pope John Paul 3 The Smiling Pope 4 The August 1978 Conclave 5 New Pope: New Thinking 6 Not up to the job?.
Pope Boniface IX - Pope Boniface IX Boniface IX, pope (1390-1404), During his time the antipope Clement V continued to hold state as pope in Avignon under the protection of the French monarchy. preceded by Pope Urban VI (1378-1389) succeeded by Pope Innocent VII (1404-1406) See also: Babylonian captivity, Great Schism, Pope Clement VII, Pope Benedict XIII Originally based on content from the 9th edition of an unnamed encyclopedia. Update as needed. Preceded by: Pope Urban VI List of popes Succeeded by: Pope Innocent VII.
Pope Celestine III - Pope Celestine III Celestine III was Pope from 1191 to 1198. He was born Giacinto Bobone Orsini, of that noble family, and was elected Pope on 30th March 1191, being then only a deacon. He received priest's orders on the 13th of April, ruled the church six years, nine months, and nine days (though believed to have been ninety when elected), died [[January 88th January]] 1198, and was buried at the Lateran. He crowned the Emperor Henry VI on the day after his election with a ceremony symbolizing his absolute supremacy, as described by Roger Hoveden, who is believed (more reasonably as it would seem) by Baronius, but discredited by Natalis Alexander. He subsequently excommunicated the same Henry for wrongfully keeping Richard the Lionhearted in prison..
Pope Urban V - Pope Urban V Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoald), pope from 1362 to 1370, was a native of Grisae in Languedoc. He became a Benedictine and a doctor in canon law, teaching at Montpellier and Avignon. He held the office of abbot of Saint-Victor in Marseilles; and at Avignon, on his way back from Naples, whither he had been sent as papal legate, he was elected pope (October 28, 1362) in succession to Innocent VI. As pope he was a severe disciplinarian, discountenanced the pomp and luxury of the cardinals, introduced considerable reforms in the administration of justice, and liberally patronised learning. His pontificate witnessed one of the last flickers of crusading zeal in the expedition of Peter of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, who took Alexandria (October.
Pope Julius II - Pope Julius II Julius II, pope (1503 - February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere at Savona in 1443. He was the son of a brother of Sixtus IV. By his uncle, who took him under his special charge, he was educated among the Franciscans, and latterly sent to a convent in La Pérouse with the special purpose of obtaining a knowledge of the sciences. He does not appear, however, to have joined the order of St Francis, but to have remained one of the secular clergy until his elevation in 1471 to be bishop of Carpentras, France, shortly after his uncle succeeded to the papal chair. In the same year he was promoted to be cardinal, taking the same title as that formerly held by.
Pope Leo X - Pope Leo X Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici (December 11, 1475-1523), better known as Leo X, was the only pope who has bestowed his own name upon his age, and one of the few whose original extraction has corresponded in some measure with the splendour of the pontifical dignity. He was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici and was born in Florence. Like his contemporary Henry VIII, he was from the first destined for the ecclesiastical condition; he received the tonsure at seven, held benefices at eight, and before he was thirteen negotiations were in active progress for his elevation to the cardinalate. Innocent VIII, the reigning pope, was bound to Lorenzo by domestic ties and a common policy and interest; in October 1488 Giovanni.
Pope Paul III - Pope Paul III Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) was pope from 1534 to 1549. He was the pontiff who excommunicated king Henry VIII of England in 1538, when Henry divorced his wife, Catherine of Aragon. He also called the Council of Trent in 1545. Text from Schaff-Herzog Encyc of Religion: He was born at Carino, in Tuscany, and came through his mother from the Gaetani family, which had also produced Pope Boniface VIII. He received his instruction at Rome and Florence from distinguished humanists, and became a protonotary at the Curia under Pope Innocent VIII. From Pope Alexander VI he received rapid promotion, becoming cardinal in 1493. He came near succeeding Pope Leo X and Pope Adrian VI. Under Pope Clement VII he became cardinal bishop.
List of popes - List of popes Note on numbering of popes: There has never been a Pope John XX, Pope Martin II or Pope Martin III. until 499 St. Peter (33(?)-67(?)) St. Linus (67(?)-79(?)) Pope Anacletus I (79(?)-88) Pope Clement I (88-97) Pope Evaristus (97-105) Pope Alexander I (105-115) Pope Sixtus I (115-125) Pope Telesphorus (125-136) Pope Hyginus (136-140) Pope Pius I (140-155) Pope Anicetus (155-166) Pope Soter (166-175) Pope Eleuterus (175-189) Pope Victor I (189-199) Pope Zephyrinus (199-217) Pope Callixtus I (217-222) Pope Urban I (222-230) Pope Pontian (230-235) Pope Anterus (235-236) Pope Fabian (236-250) Pope Cornelius (251-253) Pope Lucius I (253-254) Pope Stephen I (254-257) Pope Sixtus II (257-258) Pope Dionysius (260-268) Pope Felix I (269-274) Pope Eutychian (275-283) Pope Caius (283-296) Pope Marcellinus (296-304) Pope Marcellus I (308-309) Pope Eusebius (309-310).
Louis VII of France - 1223) 2) Agnès (c. 1171 - April 1240) In the first part of Louis VII’s reign he was vigorous and jealous of his prerogatives, but after his crusade his religiosity developed to such an extent as to make him utterly inefficient. His accession was marked by no disturbances, save the risings of the burgesses of Orleans and of Poitiers, who wished to organize communes. But soon he came into violent conflict with Pope Innocent II. The archbishopric of Bourges became vacant, and the king supported as candidate the chancellor Cadurc, against the pope's nominee Pierre de la Chatre, swearing upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. This brought the interdict upon the king's lands. At the same time he became involved in a war with.
