Prehistory of Central North Africa - Prehistory of Central North Africa This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 The cave paintings found at Tassili-n-Ajjer, north of Tamanrasset and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid scenes of everyday life in the central Maghrib between about 8000 B.C. and 4000 B.C. They were executed by a hunting people in the Capsian period of the Neolithic age who lived in a savanna region teeming with giant buffalo, elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus, animals that no longer exist in the now-desert area. The pictures provide the most complete record.
North Africa during the Classical Period - North Africa during the Classical Period This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Carthage and the Berbers 2 The Roman Era 3 Vandals and Byzantines 4 Reference Carthage and the Berbers Phoenician traders arrived on the North African coast around 900 BC and established Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) around 800 BC. By the sixth century BC, a Phoenician presence existed at Tipasa (east of Cherchell in Algeria). From their principal center of power at Carthage, the Carthaginians expanded and established small settlements (called emporia.
History of Africa - History of Africa The following is an outline of African history, followed by a list of articles about the history of particular places in Africa. The text may be dated in parts because it was taken originally from a 1911 encyclopedia— please modernise and update as required. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins of the Name 2 Prehistory 3 Neolithic North Africa and Phoenician and Greek colonization 4 Islamic North Africa 5 Sub-Saharan Africa: Medieval empires 6 European exploration and conquest 6.1 Portuguese 6.2 19th Century European explorers 6.3 Partition among European Powers 6.4 Conflicting ambitions of the European powers 6.5 The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 7 Africa at the start of the 20th century 8 Africa Between the World Wars 9 World War II Era 10.
History of Algeria - Algeria This article is the top of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 This article is an overview of the History of Algeria. Please refer to the individual sections of the series for more complete commentary. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Historical setting 2 Chapters of the series 3 Related articles 4 References Historical setting In geography, the fertile coastal plain of North Africa, especially west of Tunis, is oftem termed the Maghrib. Modern Algeria is inhabited predominantly by Muslim Arabs but it has a large indigenous Berber minority who survive from Neolithic times. The most significant forces.
Historical linguistics - Tocharian and Anatolian. The comparative method allows us to distinguish true linguistic descent (that is, the passing of a language from parents to children, down through the generations) from accidental resemblance due to cultural contact. For example, the majority of the vocabulary of Persian (Farsi) is taken from Arabic, as a result of the Arab conquest of Iran in the 8th century and much subsequent cultural contact. Yet Persian is Indo-European, being a member of the Indo-Iranian branch that also includes Sanskrit and many of the languages of modern India. The clue that Persian is Indo-European is that its core vocabulary generally has Indo-European cognates (as in madar 'mother'), and its essential grammatical elements are likewise Indo-European (as in bud 'was', which includes elements related to English "be" and the English.
History of Algeria since 1962 - 1962 This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, 1962-present 2 Aftermath of the War 3 Ben Bella and the FLN 4 Boumediene Regime 5 Chadli Bendjedid 6 Recent developments 7 Reference History of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, 1962-present In preparation for independence, the CNRA had met in Tripoli in May 1962 to work out a plan for the FLN's transition from a liberation movement to a political party. The Tripoli Program called for land reform, the large-scale nationalization of.
French rule in Algeria - Algeria This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 French rule in Algeria, 1830-1962 2 Invasion of Algiers 3 The Land and Colonizers 4 Opposition to the Occupation 5 Abd al Qadir 6 Colonization and Military Control 7 Hegemony of the Colons 8 Related article 9 Reference French rule in Algeria, 1830-1962 Most of France's actions in Algeria, not least the invasion of Algiers, were propelled by contradictory impulses. In the period between Napoleon's downfall in 1815 and the revolution of 1830, the restored French monarchy was in crisis, and.
Algerian War of Independence - Independence This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Algerian War of Independence (1954 - 1962) was a period of guerilla strikes, terrorism, counter-terrorism and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN and other pro-independence Algerians. The main instigator of the struggle was the Front de Libération Nationale (or FLN), who had headquarters in Cairo, Egypt. By 1954, when the FLN became active in Algeria, France had already lost the colonies of Tunisia and Morocco. The FLN's main rival – with the same goal of Algerian independence – was the.
Archeology of Algeria - up because big black wasps came from under the stones and stung them to death. At the end of the 18th century Baba Mahommed tried in vain to batter down the tomb with artillery. In 1866 it was explored by order of the emperor Napoleon III, the work being carried out by Adrian Berbrugger and Oscar Maccarthy. The Medrasen is a monument similar to the Kubr-er-Rumia, but older. It was built about 150 B.C. as the burial-place of the Numidian kings, and is situated 35 miles southwest of Constantine. The form is that of a truncated cone, placed on a cylindrical base, 196 ft. in diameter. It is 60 ft. high. The columns encircling the cylindrical portion are stunted and much broader at the base than the top; the capitals are.
Rise of Islam in Algeria - in Algeria This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Islam and the Arabs, 642-1830 2 Fatimids 3 Almoravids 4 Almohads 5 Zayanids 6 Marabouts 7 European Offensive 8 Privateers 9 Ottoman rule 10 Related articles 11 Reference Islam and the Arabs, 642-1830 Unlike the invasions of previous religions and cultures, the coming of Islam, which was spread by Arabs, was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on the Maghrib. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of society, bringing with it armies, learned men,.
Pacific Ocean - (69.4 million sq mi). Extending approximately 15,500 km (9,600 mi) from the Bering Sea in the Arctic north to the icy margins of Antarctica's Ross Sea in the south, the Pacific reaches its greatest east-west width at about 5 deg N latitude, where it stretches approximately 19,800 km (12,300 mi) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia. The western limit of the ocean is often placed at the Strait of Malacca. The lowest known point on the earth surface — the Marianas Trench — lies within the Pacific. The Pacific contains about 25,000 islands (more than the total number in the rest of the world's oceans combined), the majority of which are found south of the equator. See: List of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Along the Pacific Ocean's irregular margins.
Nationalism and resistance in Algeria - in Algeria This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Algerian Nationalism 1.1 Political Movements 1.2 Viollette Plan 2 Polarization and Politicization 3 Reference Algerian Nationalism A new generation of Muslim leadership emerged in Algeria at the time of World War I and grew to maturity during the 1920s and 1930s. It consisted of a small but influential class of évolués, other Algerians whose perception of themselves and their country had been shaped by wartime experiences, and a body of religious reformers and teachers. Some of these people were members.
History of the Central African Republic - History of the Central African Republic The Central African Republic is believed to have been settled from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the Kanem-Bornu, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based around Lake Chad region and along Upper Nile. Later, various sultanates claimed present-day C.A.R, using the entire Oubangui region as a slave reservoir, from which slaves were traded north across the Sahara and to West Africa for export by the Europeans. Population migration in the 18th and 19th centuries brought new migrants into the area, including the Zande, Banda, and Baya-Mandjia. In 1875 the Egyptian sultan Rabah governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day C.A.R. Europeans, primarily the French, German, and Belgians, arrived in the area in 1885. The French consolidated their legal claim.
Geography of the Central African Republic - Geography of the Central African Republic Location: Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo Geographic coordinates: 7 00 N, 21 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 622,984 km² land: 622,984 km² water: 0 km² Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,203 km border countries: Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers Terrain: vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwest Elevation extremes: lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m Natural resources: diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower Land.
Geography of Africa - Geography of Africa Africa is the name of a continent representing the largest of the three great southward projections from the main mass of the earth's surface. It includes within its remarkably regular outline an area, according to 1911 computations, of 29,000,000 km2 (11,262,000 square miles), excluding the islands. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea, it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez, 130 km (80 miles) wide. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka, a little west of Cape Blanc, in 37 deg. 21' N., to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas, 34 deg. 51' 15" S., is a distance approximately of 8,000 km (5,000 miles); from Cape Verde, 17 deg. 33' 22" W., the westernmost point, to.
Ecology of Africa - Ecology of Africa Flora The vegetation of Africa follows very closely the distribution of heat and moisture. The northern and southern temperate zones have a flora distinct from that of the continent generally, which is tropical. In the countries bordering the Mediterranean are groves of orangess and olive trees, evergreen oaks, cork trees and pines, intermixed with cypresses, myrtles, arbutus and fragrant tree-heaths. South of the Atlas range the conditions alter. The zones of minimum rainfall have a very scanty flora, consisting of plants adapted to resist the great dryness. Characteristic of the Sahara is the date palm, which flourishes where other vegetation can scarcely maintain existence, while in the semidesert regions the acacia (whence is obtained gum-arabic) is abundant. The more humid regions have a richer.
African diaspora - and culture of Africans and their descendants throughout the world, in places including Europe, the Caribbean, North America including United States & Canada, South America, and Central America. The majority of the African diaspora are descended from people taken into slavery, but in recent years they include a rising number of voluntary emigrants and asylum-seekers as well. See also: History of Africa, African American, British Afro-Caribbean community, Afro-Canadian.
Africanized bee - 1957 in Southern Brazil by biologist Warwick E. Kerr, who had interbred European honeybees and bees from southern Africa. Kerr was attempting to breed a strain of bees that would be better adapted to tropical conditions (ie. more productive) than the European bee used in North America and southern South America. Africanized bees are characterized by their agressiveness in establishing new hives and in their vigorous defensive behavior, attacking perceived hunters, including people. Over the decades, hundreds of deaths in the Americas have been attributed to them, many resulting from multiple bee stings. This defensiveness has earned them the nickname "killer bees", the aptness of which is debated. European honeybees also kill people due to allergic reactions, and it is difficult to estimate how many more people may have died than.
History of the Netherlands - the Netherlands Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Prehistory 2 Roman Era 3 Holy Roman Empire 4 Struggle for Independence and the Golden Age 5 French rule 6 Monarchy 7 20th century 7.1 World War I 7.2 World War II 7.3 After World War II Prehistory The Netherlands have been inhabited since the last Ice Age. The most famous remnants from the early age in the Netherlands are the hunebedden (Dutch for dolmens), large stone grave monuments from the neolithic, which can be found in Drenthe. Roman Era In the first century BC, the Romans came to the Netherlands. For the majority of the Roman occupation, the boundary of the Roman Empire lay along the Rhine. Romans built the first cities in the Netherlands, most importantly Utrecht, Nijmegen, and Maastricht. The northern.
KwaZulu-Natal Province - (KZN) is a province of South Africa. It extends from the borders with Swaziland and Mozambique to the Eastern Cape border in the south. Inland it is bound by the Kingdom of Lesotho, and the Free State and Gauteng provinces. Its main city is the busy port of Durban. Other settlements include Ulundi, Pietermaritzburg, Richards Bay and Ladysmith. It is around 92,000 km2 in area with a population of about 8.5m. It is one of the most densely populated provinces. The majority of the people (67%) live in rural areas, and the economy is primarily agricultural. The region has an estimated 65% literacy rate. Unemployment stands at over 50%. The province has three different geographic areas: the lowland region along the Indian Ocean coast; plains in the central section; and two.
