Principle of least astonishment - Principle of least astonishment In science, the informal principle of least astonishment, also known as the principle of maximum boredom states that the explanation which is the least astonishing and which is the most boring is usually (but not always) the right one. This can be thought of as an amalgam of Occam's razor and a presumption in favour of current theories. In user interface design and ergonomics, the principle of least astonishment states that systems should be designed so that users will be able to understand the system's responses to their actions, even when a response is not what the user wanted. See also: Wikipedia:Principle of least astonishment..
Kuzari - of the Jewish religion. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Introduction 2 "Creatio ex Nihilo" 3 Superiority of his faith 4 Question of Attributes 5 Names of God 6 Arguments Against Philosophy 7 Influence of the Kuzari 8 The "Kuzari Principle" 9 External Links Introduction After a short account of the incidents preceding the conversion of the king, and of the conversations of the latter with a philosopher, a Christian, and a Muslim concerning their respective beliefs, a Jewish person appears on the stage, and by his first statement startles the king; for, instead of giving him proofs of the existence of God, he asserts and explains the miracles performed by Him in favor of the Israelites. The king expresses his astonishment at this exordium, which seems to him incoherent; but the.
History of Cape Colony from 1870 to 1899 - Kruger made to the Free State in February 1881, when he bade them: "Come and help us. God is with us. It is his will to unite us as a people ... to make a united South Africa free from British authority." The two actual founders of the Bond party were Mr Borckenhagen, a German who was residing in Bloemfontein, and Mr Reitz, afterwards state secretary of the Transvaal. Two interviews have been recorded which show the true aims of these two promoters of the Bond at the outset. One occurred between Mr Borckenhagen and Cecil Rhodes, the other between Mr Reitz and Mr T. Schreiner, whose brother became, at a later date, prime minister of Cape Colony. In the first interview Mr Borckenhagen remarked to Rhodes: "We want a united.
Philipp Melanchthon - Reformed Church of the Calvinistic doctrine and its influence upon Germany. To its tenets Melanchthon never gave his assent, nor did he use its characteristic formulas. The personal presence and self-impartation of Christ in the Lord's Supper were especially important for Melanchthon; but he did not definitely state how body and blood are related to this. Although rejecting the physical act of mastication, he nevertheless assumed the real presence of the body of Christ and therefore also a real self-impartation. Melanchthon differed from Calvin also in emphasizing the relation of the Lord's Supper to justification. Death But before these and other theological dissensions were ended, he was at last freed by his death; a few days before this event he committed to writing his reasons for not fearing it. On the.
Modified Newtonian dynamics - and experimental results. If competing with other new theories, it should describe how an experiment can distinguish it from these other theories. Unfortunately, experiments are not easily done in astrophysics, so it should tell what new data from telescopes should look like in a particular case. Again, in the purpose of distinguish it from other, competing theories. Ultimately, a theory becomes accepted by the scientific community only if it makes predictions that are verified later on. MOND satisfies criterion 1, but what about criteria 2 to 4? According to the Modified Newtonian Dynamics theory, every physical process that involves small accelerations will have an outcome different than predicted by the simple law F=ma. Therefore, one needs to look for all such processes and verify that MOND remains compatible with observations, i.e..
Hold more stubbornly at least - Hold more stubbornly at least A phrase popularized by the late Harvard philosophy professor, W. V. Quine. On W. V. Quine's conception of a person's set of beliefs as a "seamless web," there is no proposition one could not in principle give up (if there were, there would be a "seam" in the web, protecting the principle from revision or rejection) or hold come what may. However, some beliefs may be more useful than others, or may be implied by a large number of beliefs. Examples might be laws of logic, or the belief in an external world of physical objects. Altering such portions of the web would have immense, ramifying consequences. It is better to alter auxiliary beliefs around the edges of the web in the face of.
Hume's principle - Hume's principle Hume's principle is a standard for comparing any two sets of objects as to size. According to the principle, the number of F's is equal to the number of G's iff there is a one-to-one correspondence (a bijection) between the F's and the G's. It is enunciated in the chapter III of the first book of A Treatise of Human Nature, "Of Knowledge", where the eponymous David Hume examines the seven fundamental relations between ideas: (i) resemblance, (ii) identity, (iii) relation in time and place, (iv) proportion in quantity or number, (v) degrees in any quality, (vi) contrariety. (vii) causation. Concerning (iv), he argues that our reasoning about proportion in quantity, as represented by geometry, can never achieve "perfect precision and exactness, since its principles.
Fermat's principle - Fermat's principle Fermat's Principle in optics states: The actual path between two points taken by a beam of light is the one which is traversed in the least time. This principle was first stated by Pierre de Fermat. Whilst Huygens' Principle is useful for explaining diffraction, it is of little use for calculating the properties of light mathematically. Fermat's Principle (as quoted above in its original form) can be used to describe the properties of light-rays reflected off mirrors, refracted through different media, or undergoing total internal reflection. It can be used to derive Snell's Law. The modern, full version of Fermat's Principle states that the optical path length must be extremal, which means that it can be either minimal or maximial. Maxima occur in gravitational lensing).
Eight Principles of Yong - (永字八法解) by Li Puguang (李溥光) of the Yuan Dynasty. Li provided two-character metaphorical names. The number of the strokes. Where there are multiple numbers in an area, the strokes intercept brieftly and continue from the previous number to the next. The Principle's names and representations are: Cè (側), or "Sideway" Also known as Diǎn (點), or "Dot" Li's name: Guài Shí (怪石), or "The Strange Stone" Top-left to bottom-right Lè (勒), or "Bridle" Also known as Héng (橫), or "Horizontal" Li's name: Yù Àn (玉案), or "The Jade Table" A straight horizontal line Nǔ (弩 or努), or "Crossbow" Li's name: Tiězhù (鐵柱), or "Iron Pillar" Also known as Tiěchǔ (鐵杵), or "Iron Staff" A straight vertical line Tī (剔), or "Picking off" Also known as Lì (趯), or "Leaping" Li's name:.
US generally accepted accounting principles - GAAP is not written in law, although the SEC requires that it be followed in financial reporting by publically traded companies. Conceptual frame work GAAP has four basic principles. The historical cost principle requires companies to account and report based on acquisition costs rather than fair market value for most assets and liabilities. The revenue recognition principle requires to record when revenue is realized or realizable and earned, not when cash is received. The way of accounting is called accrual basis accounting. The third principle is the matching principle. Expenses have to be matched with revenues as long as it is reasonable doing so. The last principle is called the full disclosure principle. Amount and kinds of information disclosed should be decided based on trade-off analysis as larger amount of information.
The Dilbert Principle - The Dilbert Principle The Dilbert Principle refers to the 1990s theory that companies should promote their worst employees to management. This would prevent them from directly affecting the consumer's experience of the company. This is more than a satirical theory. There is some evidence that this was and is practiced by some firms. If true, the practice would result in a noticeable trend of more and more "idiots in management". The term was coined and explained by Scott Adams, the creator of Dilbert, in a 1994 Wall Street Journal article. Adams expanded his study of the Dilbert Principle in a satirical 1996 book of the same name, which is now required reading at some management and business programs. The Dilbert Principle is a variation of the Peter.
J. B. S. Haldane - himself a very idealistic man, and in his youth was a devoted Communist and author of many articles in The Daily Worker. Events in the Soviet Union, such as the rise of the anti-Mendelian agronomist Trofim Lysenko and the crimes of Stalin, caused him to break with the Communist Party later in life. He is also known for an observation from his essay, On Being the Right Size, which Jane Jacobs and others have since referred to as Haldane's principle. This is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have: "Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated.
James Henry Leigh Hunt - and theatrical society. He began to write for the newspapers, and published in 1807 a volume of theatre criticism, and a series of Classic Tales with critical essays on the authors. In 1808 he left the War Office, where he had been working as a clerk, to become editor of the Examiner, a newspaper founded by his brother, John. The new journal with which Leigh Hunt was connected for thirteen years soon acquired a reputation. Its political independence was almost unique; it would attack any worthy target, "from a principle of taste," as John Keats expressed it. These attacks were not always inoffensive; and in 1813, an attack on the Prince Regent, based on substantial truth, resulted in prosecution and a sentence of two years' imprisonment for each of the brothers..
Jewish eschatology - exist. However it will be very easy for people to make a living, and with very little effort they will be able to accomplish very much.... it will be a time when the number of wise men will increase...war shall not exist, and nation shall no longer lift up sword against nation.... The Messianic age will be highlighted by a community of the righteous and dominated by goodness and wisdom. It will be ruled by the Messiah, a righteous and honest king, outstanding in wisdom, and close to God. Do not think that the ways of the world or the laws of nature will change, this is not true. The world will continue as it is. The prophet Isaiah predicted "The wolf shall live with the sheep, the leopard shall lie.
John Wyclif - in England. Wyclif was summoned before William Courtenay, Bishop of London, on Feb. 19, 1377, in order "to explain the wonderful things which had streamed forth from his mouth." The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination. Gaunt, the earl marshal Henry Percy, and a number of other friends accompanied Wyclif, and four begging friars were his advocates. A crowd gathered at the church, and at the entrance of the party animosities began to show, especially in an angry exchange between the bishop and the Reformer's protectors. Gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of the English clergy and their partisans, hinting at the intent to secularize the possessions of the Church. The assembly broke up and the lords departed.
Joseph Louis Lagrange - mathematicians then living. In 1758 Lagrange established with the aid of his pupils a society, which was subsequently incorporated as the Turin Academy, and in the five volumes of its transactions, usually known as the Miscellanea Taurinensia, most of his early writings are to be found. Many of these are elaborate memoirs. The first volume contains a memoir on the theory of the propagation of sound; in his he indicates a mistake made by Newton, obtains the general differential equation for the motion, and integrates it for motion in a straight line. This volume also contains the complete solution of the problem of a string vibrating transversely; in this paper he points out a lack of generality in the solutions previously given by Brook Taylor, D'Alembert, and Euler, and arrives at.
John Ballance - that he married. Throughout his youth, Ballance was highly interested in literature, and was known for spending vast amounts of time reading books. He also became interested in politics, mostly due to the influence of his parents - his father was active in conservative circles, while his mother was a liberal. It was from his mother that Ballance gained many of the ideas he was later to promote. Having witnessed religious rioting when in Belfast, Ballance also became committed to the principle of secularism. In 1966, Ballance and his wife migrated to New Zealand, intending to start in business there as a small jeweller. After settling at Wanganui, however, he took an opportunity which soon arose to found a newspaper, the Wanganui Herald. He became the paper's editor, and remained chief.
Johnston-Ruyer Back Therapy - so, we are pretty well adapted to an upright stance (just not yet perfectly adapted.) Back problems would be much rarer if we lived our lives in aboriginal conditions, being active, using our legs a great deal and not using chairs - or even if we were only a little less sedentary than modern humans have now become. Using Other Muscles More This rehabilitation plan assumes that a sedentary lifestyle and/or poor motion-posture is the root of most back problems, since during a period of comparative inactivity, our back muscles remain strong or at least active - even while sitting we use our back muscles to adjust ourselves, lean and reach - but the rest of our musculature, including our legs, become relatively weak. In contrast, our legs aren't doing much.
John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell of St Andrews - Fines and Recoveries Abolition Act 1833; the Inheritance Act 1833; the Dower Act 1833; the Real Property Limitation Act 1833; the Wills Act 1831; one of the Copyhold Tenure Acts 1841; and the Judgments Act 1838. All these measures were important and were carefully drawn. The second was called for by the preference which the common law gave to a distant collateral over the brother of the half-blood- of the first purchaser; the fourth conferred an indefeasible title on adverse possession for twenty years (a term shortened by Lord Cairns in 1875 to twelve years); the fifth reduced the number of witnesses required by law to attest wills, and removed the vexatious distinction which existed in this respect between freeholds and copyholds; the last freed an innocent debtor from imprisonment only.
Julius Andrassy - his bitter articles against the government in Kossuth's paper, the Pesti Hírlap, and was returned as one of the Radical candidates to the diet of 1848, where his generous, impulsive nature made him one of the most thorough-going of the patriots. When the Croats under Jellachich invaded Hungary, Andrássy placed himself at the head of the gentry of his county, and served with distinction at the battles of Pákozd and Schwechat, as Görgei's adjutant (Sept. 1848). Towards the end of the war Andrássy was sent to Constantinople by the revolutionary government to obtain at least the neutrality of Turkey during the struggle. After the catastrophe of Világos he migrated first to London and then to Paris. On the 21st of September 1851 he was hanged in effigy by the Austrian government.
