Protestant Reformation - Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of several other Christian churches, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Roots of the Reformation 2 Reformation begins 2.1 Underlying Demographic, Economic Factors 2.2 Humanism to Protestantism 2.3 The Radical Reformation 2.4 Lutheranism adapted by the German Territorial Princes 3 England -- political reformation 4 Wars of Religion Roots of the Reformation Avignon Papacy ("Babylonian Captivity of the Church"), Avignon, Great Schism Jan Hus, John Wyclif, William Tyndale Northern Renaissance, Erasmus, Thomas More Reformation begins Martin Luther, Johann Tetzel, Indulgences, 95 Theses (not nailed to church door), Nicolaus.
Counter-Reformation - Counter-Reformation The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. Even before the posting of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, there had been evidence of internal reform within the Church, combating trends that heightened demands for radical demands to fundamentally alter the doctrine and structure of the Medieval Church and even contributed to anticlericalism of figures such as John Huss and John Wycliffe in the late fourteenth century. The Catholic Reformation, aimed at correcting the sources of the Reformation, and pronounced since the pontificate of Pope Paul III, was both retaliatory, committed to protecting Catholic institutions and practices from heresy and Protestantism, but.
Reformation Day - Reformation Day Reformation Day is a red-letter day in remembrance of the Protestant Reformation. It takes place on October 31 and is official holiday in a lot of countries. On this day in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany..
Protestantism - 1529, signed a protestation against the Edict of Worms forbidding the Lutheran teachings within the Holy Roman Empire. From there, the word Protestant in German speaking areas still refers to Lutheran churches in contrast to Reformed churches, while the common designation for all churches originating from the Reformation is Evangelical. In a broader sense of the word, Protestantism is any of the Christian religious groups, of Western European origin, that broke with the Roman Catholic Church as a result of the influence of Martin Luther, founder of the Lutheran churches, and John Calvin, founder of the Calvinist movement. A third major branch of the Reformation, which encountered conflict with both the Catholics and other Protestants, is sometimes called the Radical Reformation, or Anabaptists. Some Western, non-Catholic, Christian groups are labeled as.
Jacob Frank - of the sexual looseness which reigned in the sect under the guise of mystical symbolism. The Anti-Talmudists As a result of these disclosures the congress of rabbis in Brody proclaimed a strong herem (Hebrew for ex-communication) against all impenitent heretics, and made it obligatory upon every pious Jew to search them out and expose them. The persecuted sectarians informed Dembrowsky, the Catholic Bishop of Kamenetz-Podolsk, that the Jewish sect to which they belonged rejected the Talmud and recognized only the sacred book of Kabbalah, the Zohar, which they alleged admitted the truth of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. They claimed that they regarded the Messiah-Deliverer as one of the three divinities, but they failed to state that by "messiah" they specifically meant Shabbetai Tzvi. The bishop took seriously the "Anti-Talmudists,".
John Calvin - May 27, 1564) founded Calvinism, a form of Protestant Christianity, during the Protestant Reformation. In France, the 16th and 17th century followers of Calvinism were referred to as Huguenots. He was born Jean Cauvin in Noyon, Picardie, France. Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses, in 1517, when Calvin was 8. Calvin's father, an attorney, sent him to the University of Paris to study humanities and law. By 1532, he was a Doctor of Law at Orléans. His first published work was a commentary on the Roman philosopher Seneca. In 1536 he settled in Geneva, halted in the path of an intended journey to Basel by the personal persuasion of the reformer William Farel. He died in Geneva. Writings by Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion published in Latin: 1536 published in.
John Milton - spirit of his religious convictions. In 1638 and 1639 he traveled on the continent, coming into contact with such men as Grotius, Galileo, and Lucas Holete, but was recalled by a rumor of the outbreak of the armed struggle for liberty at home. The next twenty years of his life were devoted almost entirely to prose work in the service of the Puritan cause. In 1641 and 1642 appeared his tractates Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England, Of Prelatical Episcopacy, the two defenses of Smectymnuus, and The Reason of Church Government Urged against Prelaty. With frequent passages of real eloquence lighting up the rough controversial style of the period, and with a wide knowledge of ecclesiastical antiquity, he struck weighty blows at the intolerant High-church party which seemed to dominate.
John Wyclif - of reform in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. He initiated the first English translation of the Bible in one complete edition and is considered a precursor of the Protestant Reformation (the Bible had been translated before into English, but in parts: e.g., The West Midland Psalter, the Pauline Epistles, the Apocalypse, the Book of Acts, the Catholic Epistles, etc. had been translated, but not all together). Wyclif was born at Ipreswell (modern Hipswell), Yorkshire, England, between 1320 and 1330; died at Lutterworth (near Leicester) December 31, 1384. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early Life 2 Early Career 3 Bases of his Reformatory Activities 4 Political Career 5 Public Declaration of his Ideas 6 Conflict with the Church. 7 Statement Regarding Royal Power 8 Wyclif and the Papacy 9.
John Knox - the Battle of Flodden, and had his home in the county of Haddington. His mother's name was Sinclair. He received the elements of a liberal education in Haddington, which possessed an excellent grammar school-- one of those schools originally monastic and due to the public spirit which, at least as regards education, animated the Scottish Church even before the Reformation. Thence he proceeded either to the University of Glasgow, where the name "John Knox" occurs among the incorporati in 1522, or to St. Andrews, where he is stated to have studied under the celebrated John Major, a native, like Knox, of East Lothian and one of the greatest scholars of his time. Major was at Glasgow in 1522 and at St. Andrews in 1531. How long Knox remained at college is.
Johann Eck - was a 16th century theologian and defender of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. It was Eck who argued that the beliefs of Martin Luther and John Huss were similar. 1. Education. Teacher at Ingolstadt. Johann Eck (properly Johann Maier or Mayr) the German Roman Catholic controversialist, was born at Eck (later Egg, near Memmingen, 43 miles south of Augsburg), Swabia. He died at Ingolstadt. At the age of twelve he entered the University of Heidelberg, which he left in the following year for Tübingen. After taking his master's degree in 1501, he began the study of theology under Johann Jakob Lempp, and studied the elements of Hebrew and political economy with Konrad Summenhart. He left Tübingen in 1501 on account of the plague and after a year at Cologne finally settled.
John Shelby Spong - Kappa graduate of the University of North Carolina in 1952, and received his Master of Divinity degree in 1955 from the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Virginia. That seminary and St. Paul's College have both conferred on him honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees. He served as rector of St. Joseph's Church in Durham, North Carolina from 1955 to 1957; rector of Calvary Parish, Tarboro, North Carolina from 1957 to 1965; rector of St. John's Church in Lynchburg, Virginia from 1965 to 1969; and rector of St. Paul's Church in Richmond, Virginia from 1969 to 1976. He was consecrated bishop in the Episcopal Church on June 12, 1976. He retired from that bishopric in 2000. One prominent theme in Bishop Spong's writing is the need to rethink the basic ideas of Christianity.
John Rogers - 1555) was a minister, Bible translator and commentator, and the first English Protestant martyr under Mary I of England. He was born in the parish of Aston, near Birmingham, was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge University, where he graduated B.A. in 1526. Six years later he was rector of Holy Trinity, Queenhithe, London, and in 1534 went to Antwerp as chaplain to the English merchants of the Company of the Merchant Adventurers. Here he met William Tyndale, under whose influence he abandoned the Roman Catholic faith, and married Adriana, a native of Antwerp. After Tyndale's death Rogers pushed on with his predecessor's English version of the Old Testament, which he used as far as 2 Chronicles, employing Myles Coverdale's translation (1535) for the remainder and for the Apocrypha. Tyndale's New Testament.
Johann Arndt - from his church and discontinue the use of exorcism at baptism. He found an asylum in Quedlinburg (1590), and afterwards was transferred to St Martin's church at Brunswick in 1599. Arndt's fame rests on his writings. These were mainly of a mystical and devotional kind, and were inspired by St Bernard, J Tauler and Thomas Kempis. His principal in work, Wahres Christentum (1606-1609), which has been translated into most European languages, has served as the foundation of many books of devotion, both Roman Catholic and Protestant. Arndt here dwells upon the mystical union between the believer and Christ, and endeavours, by drawing attention to Christ's or e in His people, to correct the purely forensic side of the reformation theology, which paid almost exclusive attention with the little anonymous book, Deutsche.
Joachim Camerarius - Lucian, Theodoretus, Nicephorus and other Greek writers. He published upwards of 150 works, including a Catalogue of the Bishops of the Principal Sees; Greek Epistles; Accounts of his Journeys, in Latin verse; a Commentary on Plautus; a treatise on Numismatics; Euclid in Latin; and the Lives of Helius Eobanus Hessus, George of Anhalt and Philipp Melanchthon. His Epistolae Familiares (published after his death) are a valuable contribution to the history of his time. He played an important part in the Reformation movement, and his advice was frequently sought by leading men. In 1535 he entered into a correspondence with Francis I as to the possibility of a reconciliation between the Catholic and Protestant creeds; and in 1568 Maximilian II sent for him to Vienna to consult him on the same subject..
Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger - history, and the celebrated Adam Möhler who afterwards became his friend, on being appealed to, pronounced on the whole in his favour. He also entered into relations with the well-known French Liberal Catholic Lamennais, whose views on the reconciliation of the Roman Catholic Church with the principles of modern society had aroused much suspicion in Ultramontane circles. In 1832 Lamennais, with his friends Lacordaire and Montalembert, visited Germany, and obtained considerable sympathy in their attempts to bring about a modification of the Roman Catholic attitude to modern problems. Döllinger seems to have regarded favourably the removal, by the Bavarian government, in 1841, of Professor Kaiser from his chair, because he had taught the infallibility of the pope. On the other hand, he published a treatise in 1838 against mixed marriages, and.
Johann Adam Möhler - Gegensätze der Katholiken u. Protestanten nach ihren öffentlichen Bekenntnissschriften (Mainz, 1832; 8th ed., 1871-1872; Eng. trans. by S. B. Robertson, 1843) Neue Untersuchungen der Lehrgegensätze zwischen den Katholiken u. Protestanten (1834) Gesammelte Schriften u. Aufsatze, edited by Döllinger (1839) Patrologie by Reithmayr (1839) A Biographie by B Wörner was published at Regensburg in 1866. It is with the Symbolik that his name is chiefly associated; the interest excited by it in Protestant circles is shown by the fact that within two years of its appearance it had elicited three replies of considerable importance, those namely of FC Baur, PK Marheineke and KI Nitzsch. But, although characterized by learning and acuteness, as well as by considerable breadth of spiritual sympathy, it cannot be said to have been accepted by Catholics themselves as.
John Strype - of West Tarring, Sussex, and he discharged the duties of lecturer at Hackney from 1689 till 1724. At the latter place he spent his last years with a married granddaughter, the wife of a surgeon, Thomas Harris, dying there at the age of ninety-four. He was buried in the church at Leyton. Through his friendship with Sir William Hicks, Strype obtained access to the papers of Sir Michael Hicks, secretary to Lord Burghley, from which he made extensive transcripts; he also carried on an cxtensive correspondence with Archbishop William Wake and Bishops Gilbert Burnet, Francis Atterbury and Nicholson. The materials he obtained were used in his historical and biographical works, which relate chiefly to the period of the Protestant Reformation. Most of his original materials have been preserved, and are included.
John Foxe - settled at Reigate Castle, where he acted as tutor to the duchess's nephews, the orphan children of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Qn the accession of Queen Mary, Foxe was deprived of his tutorship by the boys' grandfather, the Duke of Norfolk, who was now released from prison. He retired to Strasbourg and occupied himself with a Latin history of the Christian persecutions, which he had begun at the suggestion of Lady Jane Grey. He had assistance from two clerics of widely differing opinions--from Edmund Grindal, who was later, as Archbishop of Canterbury, to maintain his Puritan convictions in opposition to Elizabeth; and from John Aylmer, afterwards one of the bitterest opponents of the Puritan party. This book, dealing chiefly with John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, and coming down to 1500,.
John Stuart, 4th Earl of Atholl - father in 1542. He supported the government of the queen dowager, and in 1560 was one of the three nobles who voted in parliament against the Reformation and the confession of Faith, and declared their adherence to Roman ttholicism. Subsequently, however, he joined the league against Huntly, whom with Murray and Morton he defeated at Corrichie in October 1562, and he supported the projected marriage of Elizabeth with Arran. On the arrival of Mary from France in 1561 he was appointed one of the twelve privy councillors, and on account of his religion obtained a greater share the queen's favour than either Murray or Maitland. He was one of the principal supporters of the marriage with Darnley, came the leader of the Roman Catholic nobles, and with mnox obtained the chief.
Johann Maier Eck - his animosity against his opponents, and from that time his whole efforts were devoted to Luther's overthrow. He induced the universities of Cologne and Louvain to condemn the reformer's writings, but failed to enlist the German princes, and in January 1520 went to Rome to obtain strict regulations against those whom he called "Lutherans." He was created a protonotary apostolic, and in July returned to Germany, as papal nuncio, with the celebrated bull Exsurge Domine directed against Luther's writings. He now believed himself in a position to crush not only the Lutheran heretics, but also his humanist critics. The effect of the publication of the bull, however, soon undeceived him. Bishops, universities and humanists were at one in denunciation of the outrage; and as for the attitude of the people, Eck.
