Public Library of Science - Public Library of Science The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a nonprofit scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of scientific journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. As of 2004 it published PLoS Biology. The Public Library of Science began in early 2001 as an online petition initiative by Patrick Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The petition called for all scientists to pledge that from September of 2001 they would discontinue submission of papers to journals which did not make the full-text of their papers available to all, free and unfettered after a six-month period from publication. Some journals, notably the.
Library and information science - Library and information science Library and information science (LIS) is the study of issues related to libraries. This includes academic studies (most often surveys) about how library resources are used and how people interact with library systems. These studies tend to be specific to certain libraries at certain times. The organization of knowledge for efficient retrieval of relevant information is also a major research goal of LIS. Basic topics in library science include the acquisition, classification and preservation of library materials. In a more present-day view, a fervent outgrowth of LIS is information architecture. LIS should not be confused with information theory, the mathematical study of the concept of information. Library science is distinct from librarianship, which is the practical services rendered by librarians in their.
Library of Congress Classification:Class J -- Political science - Library of Congress Classification:Class J -- Political science Class J: Political science is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class J. G General legislative and executive papers JA Political science (General) JC Political theory JF Political institutions and public administration - General JK Political institutions and public administration - United States JL Political institutions and public administration - Canada, West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America JN Political institutions and public administration - Europe JQ Political institutions and public administration - Asia, Arab countries, Islamic countries, Africa, Atlantic Ocean Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean Islands JS Local government. Municipal government JV colonies and colonization, Emigration and Immigration. International migration JX International law, (obsolete sub-class) see.
Information science glossary of terms - Information science glossary of terms An abstract is a brief set of statements that summarize, classifies, evaluates, or describes the important points of a text, particularly a journal article. An abstract is typically found on the first page of a scholarly article. Because an abstract summarizes an article, it is very useful for either browsing or keyword searching. An annotation (noun) is an explanatory or critical note or commentary. Annotation (verb) is the process of adding an explanatory or critical note or commentary to a text. Reference lists are often annotated with comments about what each resource covered and how useful it was. An appendix is a group of supplementary material appended to a text. It is usually related to the material in the main part of.
Education in the People's Republic of China - and technicians, professionals and teachers, was lost. The result was a lack of trained talent to meet the needs of society, an irrationally structured higher education system unequal to the needs of the economic and technological boom, and an uneven development in secondary technical and vocational education. In the post-Mao period, China's education policy continued to evolve. The pragmatist leadership, under Deng Xiaoping, recognized that to meet the goals of modernization it was necessary to develop science, technology, and intellectual resources and to raise the population's education level. Demands on education--for new technology, information science, and advanced management expertise--were levied as a result of the reform of the economic structure and the emergence of new economic forms. In particular, China needed an educated labor force to feed and provision its 1-.
2003 in science - 2003 in science The year 2003 in science and technology observed many events, some of which are included in the list below. See also: 2002 in science, other events of 2003, 2004 in science, and the list of years in science. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Anthropology 2 Biology 3 Astronomy and Space Exploration 4 Medicine 5 Meterology 6 Technology 7 Awards 8 Births 9 Deaths Anthropology March 13 - The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking human footprints had been found in Italy. Biology October 13 - The open access scientific journal PLoS Biology from the Public Library of Science, commences operation. Astronomy and Space Exploration February 1 - Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates over Texas upon reentry killing all seven astronauts onboard. February 11 - NASA's.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - all sciences, with a particular focus on the biological sciences. It is notable for its policy of making the full text of the articles freely available to all 6 months after the original publication date, conforming with the "open access" policy proposed by the Public Library of Science. Immediate full-text access (without the 6-month delay) is available in more than 130 developing countries. Members of the National Academy, all of whom have distinguished themselves as scientists, may publish research reports in PNAS without the conventional anonymity of peer review: Instead, members solicit reviews from scientists of their own choosing. They also select the reviewers of reports by other scientists, which as members they may sponsor or "communicate" to the journal. These review policies have provoked criticism by scientists, not least from.
Library - Library This article is about collections of books and other materials. For libraries used in computer software, see Library (computer science). In its most general sense a library is a collection of books and other reference materials. The term is usually used to refer to a public, school, or institutional library. Such a library is open to consultation by the public, students, or patrons or employees of an institution, and often features a reference desk. Many libraries (called lending libraries) make at least some of their books available for borrowing, so readers can use them at home, over a period of days or weeks. As well as books, many libraries are now repositories and/or access points for other media, such as maps, microfilm, microfiche, audio tapes,.
Library reference desk - Library reference desk The reference desk or information desk of a library is a public service desk where professional librarians offer help to library users. Library users can consult the staff at the desk for help in finding a book or journal article, using the library's online catalog and other electronic resources, and even -- perhaps most essentially -- with specific, factual questions. Typically, a reference desk can be consulted either in person or by telephone, although a library user should come to the library in person for all but the simplest research questions. A staffed and knowledgeable reference desk is frequently regarded an essential part of a library. This article, library reference desk describes the effective use of the services of a reference desk by.
Library of Congress Classification - Library of Congress Classification The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and university libraries in the U.S. (and several other countries), although most public libraries continue to use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). The classification was originally developed by Herbert Putnam with the advice of Charles Ammi Cutter in 1897 before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. It was influenced by Cutter Expansive Classification and DDC, designed for the use by the Library of Congress. The new system replaced a fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson. By the time of Putnam's departure from his post in 1939 all the classes except K (Law) and parts of B (Philosophy.
Library classification - Library classification A library classification is a system of coding and organizing library materials (books, serials, audiovisual materials, computer files, maps, manuscripts, realia) according to their subject. A classification consists of tables of subject headings and classification schedules used to assign a class number to each item being classified, based on that item's subject. Until the 19th century, most libraries had closed stacks, so the library classification only served to organize the subject catalog. In the 20th century, libraries opened their stacks to the public and started to shelve the library material itself according to some library classification to simplify subject browsing. There are many standard systems of library classification in use, and many more have been proposed over the years. These include the Library of.
Jack London - a member of the California Fish Patrol. In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophia Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After gruelling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, he joined Kelly's industrial army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent thirty days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo. In The Road, he wrote: man-handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County Pen. I say 'unprintable'; and in justice I must also say 'unthinkable' They were unthinkable to me until I saw them, and I was no spring chicken in.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert - the King's favour" by revealing the location of some of Mazarin's hidden wealth. In January 1664, Colbert became the superintendent of buildings; in 1665, he became controller-general; in 1669, he became minister of the marine; he was also appointed minister of commerce, the colonies and the palace. In short, Colbert acquired power in every department, except that of war. A great financial and fiscal reform at once claimed all his energies. Not only the nobility, but many others who had no legal claim to exemption, paid no taxes; the weight of the burden fell on the wretched country-folk. Colbert sternly and fearlessly set about his task. Supported by the young king Louis XIV he aimed the first blow at the greatest of the extortioners—the bold and powerful superintendent, Fouquet; whose fall,.
John Maynard Smith - as an aeronautical engineer, and as a game theory mathematician. The son of a surgeon, he was inspired by a science fiction story by Olaf Stapledon, named Last and First Men. Purportedly, Arthur C. Clarke was inspired to write science fiction stories by reading the same book, from the same public library. John Maynard Smith applied the zero-sum contests and win-win evaluation schemes from game theory to show that competition among males of a species would not tend to be lethal, but would have limited actual fighting and a large quantity of posturing and other non-aggressive display behaviour. This game-theoretic explanation has been largely accepted by theorists and other biologists in the field. In 1982, his book Evolution and the Theory of Games explained the application of game theory to biological.
Johns Hopkins University - an undergraduate major (as opposed to a purely liberal arts curriculum), and the first American university to grant doctoral degrees. The University was an all-male institution until 1970. Johns Hopkins offers superior undergraduate programs based at the Homewood Campus in Baltimore: The Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences and the G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering, which contribute to Johns Hopkins' reputation as one of the world's preeminent universities. Among the many strong departments at Johns Hopkins are History, International Studies, English, Political Science, Economics, Biology, German, Near Eastern Studies, Romance Languages, Art History, Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering, Film and Media Studies, and Astronomy. The Biomedical Engineering program is widely recognized as the best in the nation. The French Department is also recognized as a "center of excellence" in the study of.
John Dalton - or medicine, but his projects met with no encouragement from his relatives and he remained at Kendal till, in the spring of 1793, he moved to Manchester. Mainly through John Gough, a blind philosopher to whose aid he owed much of his scientific knowledge, he was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the New College in Moseley Street (in 1880 transferred to Manchester College, Oxford), and that position he retained until the removal of the college to York in 1799, when he became a public and private teacher of mathematics and chemistry. During his residence in Kendal, Dalton had contributed solutions of problems and questions on various subjects to the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Diaries, and in 1787 he began to keep a meteorological diary in which during the succeeding.
Judith Merril - York - 1997, Canada) was an North American science fiction author and anthologist. Merril was a writer from her youth. She published her first stories in the late 1940s. She later devoted much of her time editing science fiction short story anthologies, especially a series of popular "Best of the Year" story anthologies that ran from 1956 to 1966. In the late 1960s, appalled by what she saw as excessive suppression of anti-war activities by the U.S. government, she moved to Canada. She began an endowment at the Toronto Public Library for the collection of all science fiction published in the English language (the Merril Collection of Science Fiction, Speculation, and Fantasy). Short story: That Only a Mother, 1948 Novel: Shadow on the Hearth, 1950 Collection: The Best of Judith Merril,.
Victor Cousin - become so easy, but which was then painful and unfrequented, that of the Scottish philosophy." In 1815-1816 Cousin attained the position of suppliant (assistant) to Royer-Collard in the history of modern philosophy chair of the faculty of letters. Another thinker who influenced him at this early period was Maine de Biran, whom Cousin regarded as the unequalled psychological observer of his time in France. These men strongly influenced Cousin's philosophical thought. To Laromiguière he attributes the lesson of decomposing thought, even though the reduction of it to sensation was inadequate. Royer-Collard taught him that even sensation is subject to certain internal laws and principles which it does not itself explain, which are superior to analysis and the natural patrimony of the mind. De Biran made a special study of the phenomena.
Vincent Massey - of Canada's great art collections and through the Massey Foundation, influenced the construction of Massey College at the University of Toronto. In 1926, he was appointed first Canadian Minister to Washington and then High Commissioner to London in 1935. He made such a favourable impression in England that in 1946, King George VI invested him with the Companion of Honour. In 1949, he was appointed chairman of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences. The ensuing report issued in 1951, known as the Massey Report, led to the creation of the National Library of Canada and the Canada Council. With his appointment as Governor General, a new tradition began – he was the first Canadian appointed to the post, and from that day the Governor General.
Inverness - of Culloden in 1746, which ended the Jacobite Rebellion. 1911 encyclopedia text It lies on both banks, though principally on the right, of the Ness; and is 118 miles north of Perth. Owing to its situation at the north-eastern extremity of Glen More, the beauty of its environment and its fine buildings, it is held to be the capital of the Highlands; and throughout the summer it is the headquarters of an immense tourist traffic. The present castle, designed by William Burn (1789 – 1870), dates from 1835, and is a picturesque structure effectively placed on a hill by the river's side; it contains the court and county offices. Of the churches, the High or Parish Church has a square tower surmounted with a steeple, containing one of the bells which.
