Saami language - Saami language The Saami languages are languages from the Finno-Ugric languages group, spoken by the Saami people of Lapland. In 2001 there were around ten known Saami languages. Six of these have a standard written language, the four others are literally not in use – i.e. there are fewer than 100 people that speak them. The six written languages are: Northern Saami (Norway, Sweden, Finland) This accounts for probably more than 75% of all Saami speakers in 2002. There have been a number of grammars for this dialect, but in 1948 a common grammar was created, and was last modified in 1985. It uses seven characters not found in Scandinavian or Finnish: a-acute (Á/á) c-caron (Č/č) d-stroke (Đ/đ) eng (Ŋ/ŋ) s-caron (Š/š) t-stroke (Ŧ/ŧ) z-caron (Ž/ž).
Indo-European languages - three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. The hypothesis that this was so was first proposed by Sir William Jones, who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit and Persian. Systematic comparison of these and other old languages conducted by Franz Bopp supported this theory. In the 19th century, scholars used to call the group "Indo-Germanic languages". However when it became apparent that the connection is relevant to most of Europe's languages, the name was expanded to Indo-European. An example of this was the strong similarity discovered between Sanskrit and olden spoken dialects of Lithuanian. The common ancestral (reconstructed) language is called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). There is disagreement as.
Endangered language - Endangered language An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. For example, many Native American languages in the United States became extinct through policies in the 19th and early 20th centuries discouraging and/or outlawing their use. While there is no definite threshold for identifying a language as endangered, three main criteria are used as guidelines: The number of speakers currently living. The mean age of native and/or fluent speakers. The percentage of the youngest generation acquiring fluency with the language in question. For example, Ainu is endangered in Japan, with only approximately 15 surviving native speakers and few youth acquiring fluency in it. A language might also be declared as endangered if it has.
European languages - many indigenous languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. The scope of this article also includes languages spoken outside of continental Europe that belong to European language families (such as Afrikaans). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Basque 2 Caucasian languages 3 Constructed languages 4 Finno-Ugric languages 5 Indo-European languages 5.1 Albanian 5.2 Armenian 5.3 Baltic languages 5.4 Celtic languages 5.4.1 Brythonic 5.4.2 Goidelic (Gaelic) 5.5 Germanic languages 5.5.3 North Germanic languages 5.5.4 West Germanic languages 5.5.5 East Germanic languages 5.6 Indo-Aryan languages 5.7 Italic languages 5.7.6 Romance languages 5.8 Slavic languages 5.8.7 West Slavic languages 5.8.8 East Slavic languages 5.8.9 South Slavic languages 6 Others of note Basque The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not closely related to any.
Saami - Saami The Saami (there are other names for the same people, including Sámi, Lapp, Davvin, etc.) are an indigenous people of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland, Siberia and the Kola peninsula in northern Russia. The Saami are one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Europe. They call their ancestral lands Sápmi. The population of about 85,000 are primarily farmers and reindeer herders. Roughly half the Saami population lives in Norway, although Sweden also has a significant group. Finland and Russia only have smaller groups. The Saami folk have inhabited northern regions of Scandinavia since far back into antiquity. The culture of the "Fenni," a tribe described by the Roman historian Tacitus, among others, as hunter-gatherers who dwelt in the lands north of the Baltic, is.
List of languages - languages is alphabetical by English name. For a more structured list, see Language families and languages, ISO 639 or List of languages by total speakers. Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (see the external link) and distinguishs about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects. This is a list of natural and constructed languages spoken by humans. See also a list of programming languages. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Afrikaans Ainu Albanian Aleut Algonquin Amhara Amharic Anglo-Saxon Apache A-Pucikwar Arabic / عربية (Semitic) Aragonese Aramaic Arawak Armenian Assamese Assyrian Asturian Avestan Azerbaijani B Balochi Bambara Bavarian Basque Belarusian (Slavic) Bemba Berber Bété Biafran Bihari Blackfoot.
List of endangered languages - 1000 speakers or with very fast decline) This page should include a link to the language's page, geographical localization and an aproximative number of speakers Sorbs Lusatia Belorussian language Yiddish language Ainu language, Northern Japan, 15 speakers Aramaic language, Lebanon, Kurdistan Chukchi language, Siberia Eyak language, Alaska, 1 speaker Istro-romanian, Istria Croatia, 500 speakers Livonian language, Estonia, 35 speakers Manchu language, Manchu China Saami languages, Scandinavia, fewer than 100 speakers Udmurt language, various parts of Russia See also: endangered language, list of extinct languages, Language families and languages.
Karelia (republic) - ASSR. From 1940 it was made into the Karelo-Finnish SSR but was changed back to a ASSR in 1956. During the Continuation War in 1941 Finland occupied parts of the area but was forced to withdraw in 1944. The Republic of Karelia was formed on November 13, 1991. Geography Present-day Karelia is situated between Lake Ladoga in the southwest and the White Sea in the northeast. Culture See also: Saami music. The Karelian language is close to Finnish, and has in recent years become considered a dialect of Finnish. Finnish and Russian are the official languages of the republic. Demography Karelia is populated by Karelians (karjalaiset) and Russians. There are about 780,000 inhabitants in the Republic of Karelia, of whom 73% are registered as Russians, 11% as Karelians, and 3% as.
Indigenous people - of elephants. These events passed almost without comment in the world's media, at a time when the eviction of a number of white people from land in nearby Zimbabwe was headline news. In response, many have pointed out that in many cases the indigenous people often haven't been living self-sufficiently in an area for centuries, and that economic development was not an issue before because it was not an option. They point out that when given a choice, indigenous people themselves often want economic development, and that this has indeed caused conflicts with environmental groups when indigenous peoples have been given title to land and then proceed to develop just like non-indigenous people. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that indigenous people are not necessarily any more self-sufficient or in tune.
ISO 8859 - the standards omit symbols needed for high-quality typography, such as optional ligatures, curly quotation marks, dashes, etc. As a result, high-quality typesetting systems often use proprietary or idiosyncratic extensions on top of the ISO 8859 standards, or use Unicode instead. As a rule of thumb, if a character or symbol was not already part of a widely used data-processing character set and was also not usually provided on typewriter keyboards for a national language, it didn't get in. Hence the directional double quotation marks « and » used for some European languages were included, but not the directional double quotation marks “ and ” used for English and some other languages. French didn't get its œ and Œ ligatures because French speakers had not previously needed them enough to demand them.
ISO 639 - an international standard which lists short codes for language names. See also SIL code. From the ISO official website there are two items for ISO 639: ISO 639-1:2002 Codes for the representation of names of languages -- Part 1: Alpha-2 code ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages -- Part 2: Alpha-3 code In other words, there are two-letter codes and three-letter codes. 22 of the languages have two three-letter codes. In these cases, the first code is bibliographic (ISO 639-1/B), and the second code is for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T). See also: language families and languages, list of languages, list of official languages The following list is sorted by language name in the third column. A B C D E F G H I J K L.
History of Finland - and east, can be traced back to the 8000 BC. After 6500 BC the so called "Suomusjärvi culture", a hunter-gatherer society, spread over most of the country. Around 4200 BC the "Comb ceramic culture", known for their pottery, took over. This marks the beginning of the neolithic for Finland. It is believed that the proto-Finnish language spread to Finland at this time. Finnish and Sámi (Saami) — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather than the Indo-European family. The closest related language still widely in use is Estonian. After 2500 BC immigrants from south of the gulf of Finland settled in southern Finland. Their culture differed from the older as they used agriculture and animal husbandry. The neolithic cultures survived.
Finnish - and Sweden-Finns It can also indicate citizenship or a similar belonging to the state of Finland It can indicate the mother tongue of a speaker, see Finnish (language) and Sweden-Finns (often in contrast to Finns speaking Swedish as their mother tongue, see Finland-Swedish and Finland's language strife) It can indicate the Finnish language itself, and often the closely related varieties spoken in Finland's neighbourhood, see Finno-Ugric languages: Veps, Izhorian, Ingrian, Karelian, Meänkieli [1] Finally, it can be a false translation from Scandinavian languages, where the concepts of Finns and Saamis haven't always been distinguished: Today Finn in the Norwegian language means a Saami..
Finnmark - Finnmark Finnmark (Finnmárku in Saami) is a county in the extreme north of Norway, bordering Troms. In 2002 there were 73,732 inhabitants, which is 1.6% of the total population in Norway. Its area is 48,637 km². The county administration is in Vadsø. Much of the Saami population of Norway live in Finnmark, and to a certain extent Troms. Finnmark and the municipalities Kautokeino, Karasjok, Tana, Nesseby and Kåfjord (in Troms) also have official names in the Saami language. Municipalities Alta Berlevåg Båtsfjord Gamvik Hammerfest Hasvik Karasjok Kautokeino Kvalsund Lebesby Loppa Måsøy Nesseby Nordkapp Porsanger Sør-Varanger Tana Vadsø Vardø\n.
Finnish Orthodox Church - 19th century. In Helsinki, Viipuri and Karelian Isthmus, Orthodoxy was associated with the country's ruling elite, however many rural Finns, Saami and Karelians where also members of the Orthodox Church. Shortly after Finland declared independence from Russia in 1917, the Finnish Orthodox Church declared its autonomy from the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1923, the Finnish Church completly separated from the Russian Church, becoming an autonomous part of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople. The Gregorian Calendar was also adopted. Other reforms introduced after independence include changing the language of high mass from Church Slavonic to Finnish and the transfer of the Archepiscopal seat from the Karelian and Russian speaking city of Viipuri to the Finnish speaking city of Sortavala. Until World War II, majority of the Orthodox Christian in Finland were in.
Demographics of Finland - other hand, there are only 2 people to every square kilometre. The original inhabitants of Finland are the Lapps - the Sami. There 4,500 of them living in Finland today and they are recognised as a minority with their own language. They have been living north of the Arctic Circle for more than 7,000 years now. In the 1960's many Finns abandoned rural areas for Sweden, while most immigrants into Finland itself come from other European countries. With 84 per cent of Finns in its congregation, the Lutheran church is the largest in the country. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish, the latter being the native language of about six per cent of the Finnish population. There is a historical explanation for the status of Swedish as an official language:.
Cultural imperialism - analogy to military imperialism, is the practice of promoting the culture and language of one nation in another, particularly when the former is a large powerful nation and the latter a small poor one. This can take the form of active, formal policy or a general attitude. Empires throughout history have been established using war and physical compulsion. In the long term populations have tended to be absorbed into the dominant culture, or acquire its attributes indirectly. One of the first known examples of cultural imperialism was extinction of the Etruscan culture and language caused by the Roman Empire. The Greek culture built gyms, theatres and public baths in places that its adherents conquered (such as ancient Judea, where Greek cultural imperialism sparked a popular revolt), with the effect that the.
Cyrillic alphabet - Kazakh and Gagauz; Ossetic and Tajik (Indo-Iranian tongues); Moldovan (a Romance language); Udmurt, Saami and Mordvin (Finno-Ugric language); and Abaza, Abkhaz, Adygei, Aisor, Altai, Avar, Balkar, Bashkir, Buryat, Chechen (1940-1991), Chuvash, Chukchi, Dargwa, Dungan, Evenks, Kabardian, Kalmyk, Karachay, Karakalpak, Karelian, Khakas, Khanty, Komi, Koryak, Kumyk, Kurdish (living in former USSR), Lak, Lezghian, Mansi, Mari, Mongolian, Nanai, Nenets, Nogai, Oriat, Romany (in Serbia and Montenegro and former USSR), Selkup, Tabasaran, Tat, Tuva, Udekhe (Udege) and Yakut languages), as well as constructed languages Slovio and Lingua Franca Nova. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Cyrillic alphabet for Russian 2 As used in various languages 2.1 Slavic languages 2.1.1 Russian 2.1.2 Ukrainian 2.1.3 Belarusian 2.1.4 Bulgarian 2.1.5 Modern Serbian since 19th century 2.1.6 Macedonian 2.2 Non-Slavic languages 3.
Timeline of trends in music (1980-1989) - (Peter Gabriel (3)), Brian Eno (My Life in the Bush of Ghosts), David Byrne (The Catherine Wheel) and Bob Marley (Uprising) help to popularize world music; Marley dies this year. African-Belgian artists like Princesse Mansia M'Bila, Cécile Kayirebwa and Dieudonné Kabongo create a vibrant world music scene in Belgium Daniel Ponce and 125,000 other Cubans expelled by Fidel Castro; many, including Ponce, bring songo to New York, fuelling the development of timba and other forms of salsa Music of Colombia Joe Arroyo and La Verdad help make Colombia a center for salsa music Music of Germany German musicians Kraftwerk (Computer World) help define what is later known as electronica Music of New Zealand Roger Shepherd forms Flying Nun Records in New Zealand; the record label will go on to dominate kiwi.
Samoyedes - of the middle Ob. The proper place of the Samoyedes among the Ural-Altaians is very difficult to determine. As to their present name, signifying in its present Russian spelling self-eaters, many ingenious theories have been advanced, but that proposed by Schrenk, who derived the name Samo-yedes from Syroyadtsy, or raw-eaters, leaves much to be desired. Perhaps the etymology ought to be sought in quite another direction, namely, in the likeness to Suomi. The names assumed by the Samoyedes themselves are Hazovo and Nyanyäz (Nenets). The Ostiaks know them under the names of Orghoy, or Workho, both of which recall the Ugrians; the name of Hui is also in use among the Ostiaks (Khants), and that of Yaron among the Syrgenians. The language now spoken by the Samoyedes belongs to the Finno-Ugric.
