Sacred geometry - Sacred geometry A sacred geometry is a feature of most folk mathematics, many forms of theology, and of some theories of philosophy of mathematics. Typically, such a geometry is deemed to be beyond any algebraic description, and perhaps beyond human comprehension. Geometry as understood in mathematics and as symbolically represented in algebra are thought to be a projection or approximation of the sacred. The term "sacred geometry" is used by archaeologists, anthropologists, and geometricians to encompass the religious, philosohical, and spiritual beliefs that have sprung up around geometry in various cultures during the course of human history. It is a catch-all term covering Pythagorean geometry and neo-Platonic gometry, as well as the perceived relationships between organic curves and logarithmic curves. Plato's "ideal forms" were one example.
Foundation ontology - in the foundations of mathematics. Most notably, the role played by Plato's ontology in some theories of realism in mathematics. Hilary Putnam made the distinction in 1975, arguing that one could believe in a realist philosophy of mathematical foundations without also accepting Plato's ontology or his sacred geometry, thus the labels "Platonist" and "realist" were not to be held equivalent. This is discussed further in the article on foundations of mathematics..
Freemasonry - the particular country). Even in the English-speaking world, the precise details of the rituals are not made public, and Freemasons have a system of secret modes of recognition, such as the Masonic secret grip, by which Masons can recognize each other "in the dark as well as in the light," and which are universally kept strictly secret. (Although these "secrets" have been available in printed exposes and anti-Masonic literature for many years.) Criticism and Repression Freemasonry has been a long-time favorite target of conspiracy theorists, who see it as an occult and evil power, often associated with Judaism, and usually either bent on world domination, or already secretly in control of world politics. Freemasonry is almost universally banned in totalitarian states. In Nazi Germany, Freemasons were sent to concentration camps and.
The Garden of Cyrus - The opening lines of The Garden of Cyrus depicts the creation of the cosmos. Like many alchemist-physicians Browne was fascinated with life's beginnings, thus cosmic imagery opens his joyous Discourse upon life, light and beauty. The act of the Creation itself is likened to the alchemical opus - God is viewed as a cosmic alchemist. The opening paragraph of Cyrus alludes to Vulcan of the alchemists. The Roman god of fire and furnace was commonplace during the resurgence of interest in the esoteric in Protectorate Britain and well-known as symbolic of Paracelsan alchemy during the 1650's. The dense symbolism of Cyrus is supplemented by hundreds of foot-notes, the very first informs the reader that the divine philosopher alluded to in the opening paragraph is Plato, author of the Bible of alchemy,.
Timeline of mathematics - BC - Egypt, first systematic method for the approximative calculation of the circle on the basis of the Sacred Triangle 3-4-5, 1650 BC - Rhind Papyrus, copy of a lost scroll from around 1850 BC, the scribe Ahmes presents first known aproximate value of π at 3.16 and first attempt at squaring the circle. 530 BC - Pythagoras studies propositional geometry and vibrating lyre strings; his group discovers the irrationality of the square root of two, 370 BC - Eudoxus states the method of exhaustion for area determination, 350 BC - Aristotle discusses logical reasoning in Organon, 300 BC - Euclid in his Elements studies geometry as an axiomatic system, proves the infinitude of prime numbers and presents the Euclidean algorithm; he states the law of reflection in Catoptrics, 260 BC.
Tree of Life - and powerful as God. The unstated but implied moral is variously interpreted as God's anger at their disobedience, God's fear that they will harm the Tree of Life, God's fear of the serpent's influence. These are of course not contradictory. - - please expand on interpretations of this story'' The tree of life is represented in several examples of sacred geometry, and is central in particular to Kaballah, the mystic study of the Torah. Located on the southern end of the island of Bahrain is a solitaire tree. A very nice tree especially considering the otherwise very barren surroundings. This tree is also know as the tree of life. See also: Garden of Eden, Genesis, Adam and Eve, Tree of Knowledge.
Sociology of knowledge - This study still guides sociology of knowledge and has been claimed to have sparked single-handed much of postmodernism. Foucault is taught as core curriculum to French high school students, who also study Nietzsche and his claim that "God is dead". Bruno Latour Bruno latours homepage http://www.ensmp.fr/~latour/ The sociology of mathematical knowledge Studies of mathematical practice and quasi-empiricism in mathematics are also rightly part of the sociology of knowledge, since they focus on the community of those who practice mathematics and their common assumptions. Since Eugene Wigner raised the issue in 1960 and Hilary Putnam made it more rigorous in 1975, the question of why fields such as physics and mathematics should agree so well has been in question. There is simply no explanation for this, other than sociological agreement, and usefulness.
Philolaus - of the Earth and the Sun as at two spheres, which are connected with a rope. In his deliberations Philolaus used a lot of his imagination and he did't explain what he might be able to do in another way. His further advanced idea about the Earth's rotation around its axis was important and it influenced on Aristarchus. The Earth has several kind of movements and it belongs to the planets. Such a solar system theory quite well explained the movement of the Sun and different lengths of days through the year. It is not known how accurate it was. According to Nicolaus Copernicus Philolaus already knew about the Earth's revolution in a circular orbit around the Sun. He supposed the Sun to be a disk of glass which reflects the.
Library of Sir Thomas Browne - private library, acquiring and no doubt reading many of an estimated 1500 titles. Adept in no less than five contemporary languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Danish), as well as Latin, Greek and Hebrew, the 1711 Sales Auction Catalogue reflects the wide scope of Browne's amateur hobbies, who, following the translation of his Religio Medici and encyclopaedia Pseudodoxia Epidemica into French, Latin and Dutch, was acknowledged as one of the great intellects of seventeenth century Europe. Browne's erudite learning is reflected in the fact that the Classics of the ancient world as well as theology, history, geography, philology, philosophy, anatomy, antiquities, Biblical scholarship, cartography, embryology, medicine, cosmography, ornithology, minerology, zoology, travel, law, mathematics, geometry, literature, both Continental and English, the latest advances in scientific thinking in astronomy, chemistry as well as.
Inversive geometry - Inversive geometry In mathematics, inversive geometry is the geometry of circles and the set of transformations that map all circles into circles. This is an angle-preserving geometry, which is why it is called conformal. For greater than two dimensions, this is also the same as conformal geometry. For two dimensions, however, conformal geometry is simply the Riemann sphere. Basically, in the spirit of the Erlanger program, inversive geometry is the study of transformations generated by the Euclidean transformations together with inversions, which in coordinate form, basically are conjugate to where r is the radius of the inversion. Note that in inversive geometry, there is no distinction made between a straight line and a circle (or hyperplane and hypersphere): a line is just nothing more and nothing less.
Integral geometry - Integral geometry In mathematics, the term integral geometry in is used in two ways, which, although related, imply different views of the content of the subject. The more traditional usage is that of Santalo and Blaschke. It follows from the classic theorem of Crofton expressing the length of a plane curve as an expectation of the number of intersections with a random line. Here the word 'random' must be interpreted as subject to correct symmetry considerations. There is a sample space of lines, one on which the affine group of the plane acts. A probability measure is sought on this space, invariant under the symmetry group. If, as in this case, we can find a unique such invariant measure, that solves the problem of formulating accurately what.
Incidence (geometry) - Incidence (geometry) In geometry, the relations of incidence are those such as 'lies on' between points and lines (as in 'point P lies on line L'), and 'intersects' (as in 'line L1 intersects line L2', in three-dimensional space). That is, they are the binary relations describing how subsets meet. The propositions of incidence stated in terms of them are statements such as 'any two lines in a plane meet'. This is true in a projective plane, though not true in Euclidean space of two dimensions where lines may be parallel. Historically, projective geometry was introduced in order to make the propositions of incidence true (without exceptions such as are caused by parallels). From the point of view of synthetic geometry it was considered that projective geometry should.
Italian school of algebraic geometry - Italian school of algebraic geometry In relation with the history of mathematics, the Italian school of algebraic geometry refers to the work over half a century or more (flourishing roughly 1885-1935) done internationally in birational geometry, particularly on algebraic surfaces. There were in the region of 30 to 40 leading mathematicians who made major contributions; about half of those being in fact Italian. There is no question that the leadership fell to the group in Rome of Guido Castelnuovo, Federigo Enriques and Francesco Severi; who were involved in some of the deepest discoveries, as well as setting the style. The fashion and foundational attitude changed in algebraic geometry from 1950 onwards, leading to an axiomatisation and some acrimony as to the status of some results. For a while it.
Vector (spatial) - object with a "magnitude" (size) and "direction", a vector is more formally defined by its relationship to the spatial coordinate system under rotations. Alternatively, it can be defined in a coordinate-free fashion via a tangent space of a three-dimensional manifold in the language of differential geometry. These definitions are discussed in more detail below. Such a vector is a special case of a tensor and is also analogous to a four-vector in relativity (and is sometimes therefore called a three-vector in reference to the three spatial dimensions, although this term also has another meaning for p-vectors of differential geometry). Vectors are the building blocks of vector fields and vector calculus. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definitions 1..1 Generalizations 2 Representation of a vector 3 Vector Equality 4 Vector Addition and Subtraction.
Karnak - the main temple for the cult of Amon, but like many other Egyptian temples, other gods and goddesses were worshipped there. The temple now has a daily Sound and Light show, which gives an insight into the history of this sacred site. External Links http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/karnaktm.htm http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm.
Karl Pearson - the German department at Cambridge University. His next career move was to Lincoln's Inn, where he read law until 1881 (although he never practised). After this, he returned to mathematics, deputising for the mathematics professor at King's College London in 1881 and for the professor at University College London in 1883. In 1884, he was appointed to the Goldshmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London. 1891 saw him also appointed to the professorship of Geometry at Gresham College; here he met W.F.R. Weldon, a zoologist who had some interesting problems requiring quantitative solutions. The collaboration, in biometry and evolutionary theory, was a fruitful one and lasted until Weldon died in 1906. Weldon introduced Pearson to Francis Galton, who was interested in aspects of evolution such as heredity.
Veneration of the dead - Early accounts of martyrs include Christian witnesses making great efforts to obtain the remains of the martyrs, and of the Romans sometimes trying to prevent this. Also, it became common to continue to ask Christian leaders to pray for them, even after the leaders had died, as they believed that these Christians were still able to pray and that their prayers would still be effective. Catholicism's attitudes toward, practices in connection with, and festivals of the dead See All Saints Day, Saint, Day of the dead Chinese attitudes toward, practices in connection with, and festivals of the dead See "Hsiao" in Confucianism Egyptian attitudes toward, practices in connection with, and festivals of the dead The ancient Egyptian pyramids are the most famous historical monuments devoted to the dead (see Great pyramid.
Vector calculus - and direction of change in a scalar field; the gradient of a scalar field is a vector field. curl: measures a vector field's tendency to rotate about a point; the curl of a vector field is another vector field. divergence: measures a vector field's tendency to originate from or converge upon certain points; the divergence of a vector field is a scalar field. Most of the analytic results are more easily understood using the machinery of differential geometry, for which vector calculus forms a subset..
Kangxi Emperor of China - a Crown Prince post in his reign, and that he would place his Imperial Will inside a box only to be opened after his death, thus no one knew Kangxi's real intentions. On the political side of things, Thirteenth Imperial Prince Yinxiang was also placed under house arrest for "cooperating" with Yinreng; soon thereafter emerged two powerful forces, one being that of Yinsi, whom most imperial officials supported, and Yinzhen, who was hard on corrupt officials (which is almost all of them and therefore did not receive much support). A third emerging force, Fourteenth Imperial Prince Yinti, who after his increasing apprehensions among his trusted brother Yinsi, was away from the scene in Beijing because he was fighting a war in the Xinjiang region. At what was believed to be minutes.
Kalaripayattu - and other forms of Chinese martial arts. Kalaripayattu is practised inside a Kalari, which is an arena. This was originally practised by the fighters or warriors of Kerala. Nowadays, it is just a sacred art form and the popularity is dying. Kalaripayattu also shows a strong influence of Ayurveda and major classical danceforms of Kerala..
